DUKLA PASS, the largest and most accessible pass through the Carpathian Mountains. Through this the Austrians conducted their main operations against the Russians in the southernmost part of the eastern front, during the first six months of the World War. On Dec. 25, 1914, the Russians began a strong offensive into the Carpathians which re sulted in their capture of all the passes through the mountains, including Dukla. In the spring campaign of 1915 the Aus trians attempted to recapture the Car pathian passes, and sanguinary battles were fought in this region, especially in Dukla, where the Russians retained their positions, being dislodged from all the others, with one exception, Lupkow Pass. The final Russian retirement from the Carpathian passes was caused by lack of munitions and other war supplies rather than by the assaults of the enemy.
one of the most ancient musical instruments, used by various na tions in almost all parts of the world, and, in shape and construction, having probably undergone fewer changes than any other instrument. In its earliest and
simplest form, it consisted of a flat piece of wood, on which were fastened two converging strips of wood, across which strings were stretched tuned to the nat ural scale. The only improvements since made on this type are the addition of a series of pegs, or pins, to regulate the tension of the strings, and the use of two flat pieces of wood formed into a resonance-box, for the body. The Ger man name, Hackbrett (chopping-board) points to the manner in which it was played, the wires being struck by two hammers, one held in each hand of the performer. The fact which makes the dulcimer of the greatest interest to musi cians is that it is the undoubted fore father of our pianoforte.