GEORGIA, a State in the South At lantic division of the North American Union; bounded by North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, and the Atlantic Ocean; area, 59,475 square miles; one of the original 13 States; number of counties, 137. Pop. (1910) 2,609,121; (1920) 2,895,832. Capi tal, Atlanta.
Topography.—The surface of the State is irregular, rising in terraces. The coast for about 20 miles inland is low and swampy; from here it rises about 100 feet in 20 miles, till, in Baldwin county, about 200 miles from the sea, an elevation of 600 feet is reached. The foot hills and mountains begin here and extend toward the W. and N. W., reach ing an altitude of 2,500 to 4,000 feet. In the extreme S. E. is the Okefinokee Swamp. A line of islands averaging about 10 miles in width extends along the coast and affords many safe but shallow sounds. The only harbors of large size are Savannah, St. Mary's, Darien, and Brunswick. The State is well watered. The principal rivers are the Savannah, forming the boundary be.
tween Georgia and South Carolina, the Ogeechee, the Cannouchee, the Alta maha, the Satilla, and the St. Mary's, running to the Atlantic; and the With lacoochee and Allapaha uniting in Florida to form the Suwanee, the Och lockonee, an1 the Flint and Chatta hoochee forming the Apalachicola, at the Florida line, flowing directly into the gulf.
Geology.—The rocks of the N. part of the State are mostly of metamorphic or crystalline formation and include granites, gneisses, sandstones, and schists. A belt of Silurian origin ex tends through the N. W. counties with frequent outcrops of Devonian structure. There are extensive coal measures in the extreme N. W. In central and most of southern Georgia the metamorphic rocks are overlaid with Tertiary deposits, and farther S. and E. these are them selves overlaid with Quaternary sands and clay. A Tertiary strip borders the ocean, and a Cretaceous deposit occurs in the vicinity of Jefferson county.
Mineralogy.—The State is rich in min eral resources, especially in the moun tain regions N. of the Chattahoochee, and ranks second in the United States in the production of manganese; sil ver, emery, bituminous coal, antimony, granite, graphite, marble, magnetic and specular iron ore, zinc, limonite, tel lurium, galena, mica, roofing slate, pyrites and potter's clay abound. Gold
is found in seams of quartz, in veins, and in the disintegrated sands and gravel. It was discovered in 1828 in White co., and led to the forcible re moval of the Cherokee Indians. The coal production in 1918 was 66,716 tons, valued at $239,377. Georgia marble has a high reputation. The clay-working industries have a product of about $2,000,000 annually. There is a small amount of gold produced. The total min eral output is valued at about $5,000,000 per year.
Agriculture.—In the N. part of the State the principal crops are wheat, corn, sorghum, oats, rye, potatoes, ap ples, peaches, and other temperate fruits, grains and vegetables, while middle and southern Georgia are devoted chiefly to upland cotton and sugar-cane. The acreage, value, and production of the principal crops in 1919, was as fol lows: Corn, 4,820,000 acres, production 69,890,000 bushels, value $111,824,000; oats, 540,000 acres, production 10,800,000 bushels, value $12,420,000; wheat, 240, 000 acres, production 2,520,000 bushels, value $6,628,000; hay, 557,000 acres, production 613,000 tons, value $15, 509,000; peanuts, 202,000 acres, produc tion 5,050,000 bushels, value $12,423,000; potatoes, 23,000 acres, production 1,610, 000 bushels, value $3,494,000 sweet po tatoes, 142,000 acres, production 13,064, 000 bushels, value $14,370,000; cotton, 5,288,000 acres, production 1,730,000 bales, value $309,670,000; tobacco, 31,000 acres, production 16,430,000 pounds, value $3,532,000.
Manufactures.—There were in 1914 4,639 manufacturing establishments in the State, employing 104,461 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $258,326,000; the wages paid to $38,128,000; the value of materials used to $160,089,000; and the value of the finished product to $253,271,000. The manufacturing is principally carried on in Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah, Macon, and Columbus. The chief articles of manufacture are cotton goods, lumber mill products, flour and grist, cotton-seed oil, foundry and machine shop products, fertilizers, naval stores, railroad cars, brick and tile, wagons and carriages, clothing, furniture, hosiery, and leather goods.