GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE barde), an Italian patriot; born in Nice, France, July 4, 1807. His father being a poor fisherman, he got little education, and for a number of years was a sailor on various trading vessels. In 1834, being condemned to death for his share in the schemes of Mazzini, he escaped to Marseilles, and finally went to South America. In the service of the Republic of Rio Grande against the Brazilians, he became known as a brilliant leader, and with his famous Italian legion he subsequently gave the Montevideans such effective aid against Buenos Aires as to earn the title of "hero of Monte video." In 1848 he returned to Italy, raised a band of volunteers, and har assed the Austrians till the re-establish ment of Austrian supremacy in Lom bardy. He then retired to Switzerland, but in the spring of 1849 proceeded to Rome to support Mazzini's republic. He was appointed to command the forces, but the odds were overwhelming, and after a desperate defense of 30 days Garibaldi escaped from Rome with 4,000 of his followers. In the course of his flight his wife Anita died from fatigue and privations. He reached the United States, and was for several years in command of a merchant vessel. He then purchased a part of the small island of Caprera, off the N. coast of Sardinia, and made this his home for the rest of his life. Latterly the subscriptions of his admirers enabled him to become owner of the whole island.
In the war of 1859, in which Sardinia recovered Lombardy, Garibaldi and his Chasseurs of the Alps did splendid serv ice; and on the revolt of the Sicilians in 1860 he crossed to the island, wrested it after a fierce struggle from the King of Naples, recrossed to the mainland and occupied Naples, where he was pro claimed dictator of the Two Sicilies. It
was now feared that Garibaldi might prove untrue to his motto—Italy and Victor Emmanuel—but he readily ac quiesced in the annexation of the Two Sicilies to Italy, and declining all honors retired to his island farm. In 1862 he endeavored to force the Roman question to a solution, and entered Calabria with a small following, but was taken prisoner at Aspromonte by the royal troops. He was soon released, however, and returned to Caprera. In 1864 he received an en thusiastic welcome in Great Britain. In 1866 he commanded a volunteer force against the Austrians in the Italian Tyrol, but failed to accomplish anything of consequence. Next year he attempted the liberation of Rome, but near Men tana was defeated by the French and pontifical troops, and was again im prisoned by the Italian Government, but soon pardoned and released. In 1870 he gave his services to the French repub lican government against the Germans, and with his 20,000 men rendered valu able assistance in the S. E. At the end of the war he was elected a member of the French assembly, but speedily re signed his seat and returned to Caprera. Rome now became the capital of united Italy, and here in January, 1875, Gari baldi took his seat in the Italian parlia ment. The latter part of his life was spent quietly at Caprera. After 1870 he wrote two or three novels—very medi ocre productions. He died on the island of Caprera, June 2, 1882.