HALICARNASSUS (-nas'sus) (origi nally called Zephyria), a Greek city of Caria, Asia Minor, on the Ceramic Gulf. It was founded by Dorian colonists from Trcezen, and defended by several cita dels, one of which, Salmacis, was deemed impregnable. Early in its history it be came one of the cities of the so-called Dorian Hexapolis, from which confed eracy, however, it was eventually ex cluded. When the Persian power spread W. Halicarnassus readily submitted to the dominion of the conquerors. During this period, however, about 500 B. C., a domestic tyrant Lygdamis, rose to su preme power as a vassal of Persia; and his descendants, without forfeiting the Greek character or ceasing to cultivate the Greek literature and arts, gradually extended their sway over all Caria. Among them was Mausolus, whose wife and sister Artemisia, to commemorate him after his death (353), erected the magnificent MAUSOLEUM (q. v.), which was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. It was under this king that the city attained its highest degree of splendor and prosperity. About 20 years later Alexander the Great de stroyed the city by fire; but the inhabit ants took refuge in the citadel, which successfully resisted his arms. The city
was afterward rebuilt, but it never re covered its ancient importance or pros perity. In the days of the Roman em pire it had sunk into comparative insig nificance. Halicarnassus was the birth place of the Greek historians Herodotus and Dionysius. The site of the city is occupied by the modern Budrun.
HALICZ (115.'lich), a town of Poland, in the province of Galicia; on the Dniester, 69 miles S. E. E. of Lemberg. On a hill in the vicinity are the ruins of the once strongly fortified castle of Halicz, built in the 12th century, and the residence of the rulers of what was formerly the grand principality and kingdom of Halicz. From this word the name GALICIA (q. v.) is derived. Be cause of its strategic position as the key to Lemberg the town was much fought over in the World War (1914-1918). The Russians captured it in August, 1914. The Austrians regained it June 28, 1915. The Russians made an effort that failed to take the town in 1916, but were suc cessful July 1, 1917. These were the last important operations made by the Rus sians in the World War. On July 22 they abandoned Halicz and began a dis orderly retreat.