ITURBIDE, AUGUSTIN DE (5-tor' be-dA), a Mexican soldier; born in Valla dolid, IVIexico, in 1783. On the breaking out of the revolutionary troubles in Mexico, he joined the royalist party and displayed such valor and ability that in 1815 he rose to the chief command of the army, but latterly went over to the other side, quickly bore down all opposi tion, and became so popular that he pro claimed himself Emperor of Mexico in 1822. His reign was full of trouble, and came to an end in less than a year, by his abdication. Congress. granted him a yearly pension on condition of his leaving the country, and he resided in Leghorn about a year, when he made an attempt to recover the crown. He landed with but a single attendant, and was arrested and shot, in Padilla, July 19, 1824. His grandson was adopted as his heir by the unfortunate Emperor Maximilian.
IVAN (5-wan'), the name of two grand-dukes and four czars of Russia.
The best known, IVAN IV. (1530-1584), commonly called Ivan the Terrible, reigned from 1533, and did much for the advancement of his country in arts and commerce, as well as for its extension by arms. He was the first Russian sovereign to be crowned as Czar. He subdued Kazan and Astrakhan, and from his reign dates the first annexation of Siberia. He concluded a commercial trctty with Queen Elizabeth, after the English had discovered (1553) the way to Archangel by sea. But his hand fell with merciless cruelty upon the boyars of his kingdom, and upon some of his towns, as Moscow, Tver, and Novgorod. In the last named some 60,000 people were slain in six weeks. Ivan died of sorrow for his son, whom three years before he had slain in a mad fit of rage.