JUAREZ, BENITO (115-E'reth), President of Mexico; born of Indian parents in Gueletao, Oaxaca, March 21, 1806. He became an advocate, and as governor of his native state (1847-1852) was distinguished both for his ability and his honesty. Exiled during the dicta torship of Santa Ana, he returned when the republic was restored, and in 1857 was elected president of the Supreme Court (equivalent to vice-president of the nation). On the overthrow of the Liberal president by the clerical party in 1858 Juarez assumed the executive, but was compelled to retire to Vera Cruz, where his government was recognized by the United States in 1859, and whence he issued decrees abolishing religious orders and confiscating Church property. In January, 1861, he was able to enter the capital, and in March was elected presi dent for four years. In December of the same year the allied forces of England, France, and Spain occupied Vera Cruz; in April the British and Spanish with drew, but the French remained, and de clared war against Juarez, who retreated gradually to the N. frontier, and re mained for nearly a year at El Paso del Norte. He entered Mexico City again in July, 1867, MAXIMILIAN (q. v.) having been shot meanwhile by order of court martial. Juarez was again elected presi dent for four years—years disturbed by repeated revolutionary attempts. In 1871 he was re-elected, and the risings became even fiercer and more frequent.
He died in Mexico, July 18, 1872.
JUBA (jo'b5.), a great river of East ern Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean at about lat. 0° 5' S., and whose mouth marks the N. boundary of the coast placed under British control by the agreement with Germany in 1890.
JUBA (jo'bd), the name of two Kings of Mauritania and Numidia, important kingdoms of Northern Africa, prior to and after the fall of Carthage. JUBA I. flourished about half a century B. C., and, having declared for Pompey in the struggle for mastery among the first triumvirate, on the murder of Pompey, Cmsar invaded the kingdom of Mauri tania, and Juba being defeated and com pelled to fly, in despair fell on his sword 42 B. C. JUBA II., the son of the former, was carried prisoner to Rome while yet a youth, when Cwsar drove his father from the throne. On the fall of the second triumvirate, Augustus Csar, who had taken a strong regard for Juba, married him to one of Antony's daughters, Cleo patra, and restored him to his father's throne. Juba possessed great judg-ment and considerable learning, and left be hind him "A History of Arabia," "An tiquities of Syria," and "A History of Rome," written in Greek. He died in A. D. 17.