INDIANA, a State in the North Cen tral Division of the North American Union; bounded by Ohio, Kentucky, Illi nois, Michigan, and Lake Michigan; ad mitted to the Union Dec. 11, 1816; num ber of counties, 92; capital, Indianapo lis; area, 36,350 square miles; pop. (1890) 2,192,404; (1900) 2,516,462; (1910) 2,700,876; (1920) 2,930,390.
Topography.—The surface of the State 'is generally level or undulating, ranging from 300 to 1,250 feet in altitude. The hills of the Ohio and Wabash river val leys inclose richly wooded bottom lands. The W. portion of the State is mostly prairie lands, interspersed with lakes, 'wood lands, and swamps. The rivers are mostly affluents of the Ohio and include ',the Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian Blue, 'Big Pigeon, Little Pigeon, and Laughery. The Wabash, rising in Ohio, flows 500 mils through the State, and is navigable for 300 miles. The Maumee is formed in Allen co., by the junction of the St. Jos eph's and St. Mary's, and flows N. E. through Ohio, into Lake Erie. The Kan kakee flows 100 miles through the State and forms one of the constituents of the Illinois. There are several lakes and large ponds with clear water and sandy shores and bottoms. Beaver Lake, near the Illinois line, once covering an area of 10,000 acres, has been drained nearly dry.
Geology.—Aside from Silurian depos its in the extreme N. W. and S. E. parts of the State, the entire surface is over laid with Devonian and sub-carbonifer ous rocks. Three distinct varieties of bi tuminous coal are found in great abun dance and the limestone region in the S. contains many sink holes and caves. The Wyandotte cave in Crawford co. is second only to the Mammoth cave in size. The coal measures cover an area of 6,500 square miles, with a depth of 600 to 800 feet, and present 12 to 14 distinct seams, ranging from 1 to 11 feet in thickness.
Mineralogy.—The State is rich in min eral resources, especially in coal. Block Foal, used in pig iron smelting, is mined in blocks weighing upward of a ton each, and cannel coal and peat are found in abundance. Quarries of building stones cover an area of 200 square miles, ad joining the coal measures. The coal pro duction of the State in 1918 was 27, 325,000 tons, a gain of 785,000 tons over the production of 1917. The production
of petroleum in 1917 was 759,415 bar rels, valued at $1,475,548. Other im portant mineral products are cement, of which there was produced in 1917, 8, 148,678 barrels, valued at $11,084,130; pig iron, the production of which in 1917 was 2,162,872 long tons; clay products; sand, and gravel. Other mineral pro ductions are bog iron, antimony, bis muth, cobalt, ganister, lead, manganese, sulphuret of silver, and salt.
Sou.—The soil varies from a deep black sand to clay loam, and is generally fertile, excepting along the lake front. The river valleys of the Wabash and Whitewater are particularly fertile. The climate is changeable and marked by extremes. Nearly one-eighth of the area is open prairie, and well adapted to agri culture. The trees include the white, red, black, and blue oak, ash, beech, hick ory, sycamore, elm, tulip, black walnut, red and sugar maple, tamarack, sumach, dogwood, and wild plum.
Agriculture.—The State is largely en gaged in agricultural pursuits. All farm and garden vegetables and fruits are grown, and wheat, corn, oats, to bacco, hemp, flax, maple sugar, maple syrup, sorghum molasses, honey, bees wax, cider, vinegar, hops, and wine are among the varied products. The pro duction and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 175,750, 000 bushels, valued at $219,688,000; wheat, 46,025,000 bushels, valued at $96, 642,000; tobacco, 15,215,000 pounds, valued at $5,316,000; hay, 3,080,000 tons, valued at $66,528,000; potatoes, 4,400,000 bushels, valued at $8,585,000; oats, 60, 225,000 bushels, valued at $41,555,000; rye, 5,320,000 bushels, valued at $7, 448,000.
Banking.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 255 National banks in operation, having $28,641,000 in capital, $26,735,653 in outstanding circulation, and $26,704; 030 in United States bonds. There were also 435 State banks, with $16,980,000 capital, and $6,051,000 surplus; 179 pri vate banks, with $2,838,000 capital, and $822,000 surplus; and 162 trust and loan companies, with $16,870,000 capital, and $4,811,000 surplus. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, the exchanges at the United States clearing house at Indian apolis aggregated $776,325,000, an in crease over the previous year of $13, 353,000.