KAN-XIANG, a river of China, which traverses the province Kiang-si from S. to N., and after a course of 350 miles, flows into the Yang-tse-Kiang.
KANO (ka-n5'), capital of a province of the same name (pop. about 2,250,000) in the Negro State of Sokoto, Central Africa (now part of British Northern Nigeria) in the middle of the country, about 250 miles S. S. E. of the city of Sokoto. Principal industry weaving and dyeing of cotton cloths. Pop. is about 100,000.
lands, varying from 24 to 6 miles in width, and bounded by bluffs, rising 50 to 300 feet. The Missouri river forms nearly 75 miles of the State's N. E. boundary. The Kansas river, formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Re publican rivers, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 150 miles across the State. The Arkansas, rising in Colorado, flows with a tortuous course, for nearly 500 miles, across three fourths of the State. It forms, with its tributaries, the Little Arkansas, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris, and Neosho, the S. drainage system of the State. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon, tributaries of the Smoky Hill; the Big Blue, Delaware, and Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas; and the Osage, a tributary of the 'Missouri.
Geology.—The rock system of Kansas is exceedingly simple. Over almost the entire State the rocks are monoclinal and dip gently to the W. N. W., at an aver age rate in the E. and centre/ portions of the State of about 15 feet to the mile, or about double the average slope of sur face to the E. In the W. part of the State the strata lie horizontally. The geological formations succeed each other in a regular ascending series, from S. E. to N. W. The outcrops begin with the sub-Carboniferous, in a small triangular tract not exceeding 60 square miles in extent, in the S. E. corner of the State; followed by the Carboniferous, covering the E. quarter of the State; the Permian, or more properly the permo-Carbonif erous, in the E. middle covering a belt
about 60 miles wide, extending from Marshall county S. to Cowley and Sum ner counties; the Triassic, embracing a triangular tract of about seven counties S. of the Arkansas river, with its apex in the great bend of the Arkansas and its base along the S. line of the State from Sumner county to Clark; the Cre taceous, in the W. middle, covering about one-third of the State, from Washington, Republic, Jewell, and Smith counties, on the N. line of the State, S. E. to the Ar kansas river and the S. W. corner of the State; and end with the Tertiary, cov ering about 20 counties in the N. W. quarter of the State, with occasional tracts in the S. W. and S. There is a very small amount of post-Tertiary or recent formation in the valleys, scat tered over the middle and W. portions of the State. Glacial drift covers the Per mian and Carboniferous in the N. E. cor ner of the State as far W. and S. as the Big Blue and Kansas rivers.
minerals of Kansas are lead and zinc, obtainable from the sub-Carboniferous; bituminous coa/, pe troleum and gas, from the Carbonifer ous; salt and gypsum from the Permian and Triassic; chalk and lignite from the Cretaceous; lignite and silica in an exceedingly fine state from the Ter tiary.
fossils of the Carbonifer ous formation are all marine, consisting of foraminifera, sponges, crinoids, brachiopods, and lamellibranchs. They are quite numerous, limestone rocks in some places being solidly full of their shells. The Cretaceous fossils consist of marine and fresh water shells, fishes, saurians, turtles, birds, and impressions of leaves of aerial plants and trees, such as fig, laurel, magnolia, and other trees of sub-tropical climate; poplar, willow, birch, and other trees of colder climate; together with walnut, oak, sycamore, and other trees similar to those of the present day. In tile recent formations are found remains of horse, elephant, mastodon, and other mammals of great size.