chief mineral pro duct is petroleum. In 1918 there were produced 45,451,017 barrels of petroleum, valued at $100,546,202. Kansas con tains part of the Kansas-Oklahoma oil fields. Other mineral products are lead, zinc and coal. The production of the lat ter in 1919 was about 5,750,000 short tons. The State is also a large pro ducer of clay products, and these are valued at over $2,000,000 annually. In the production of salt, Kansas ranks fourth among the States. Other mineral products of the State include sulphur, chalk, alum, portland cement, manga nese, lime, marble, kaolin, gypsum, ochre, brown hematite, and numerous other ores of iron.
Soi/.—The soil is exceptionally rich in those mineral substances necessary to support vegetation, and is consequently very fertile. In the E. it consists of a black sandy loam with a vegetable mold, and in the W. it is of a lighter color, but greater depth. The bottom lands have a soil from 2 to 10 feet in depth, and the hills, from 1 to 3 feet. Only a small portion of the State consists of woodland, the most abundant trees being the ash, cottonwood, oak, elm, walnut, hickory, maple, mulberry, sycamore, box elder, willow, cherry, redbud, and pecan.
excellent soil of Kansas makes it one of the foremost ag ricultural States. The acreage, produc tion and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: corn, 4,475,000 acres, production 69,362,000 bushels, value $97,107,000; oats, 1,574,000 acres, value $32,287,000; wheat, 11,624,043 acres, production 151,001,000 bushek, value $324,652,000; hay, 1,832,000 acres. production 4,507,000 tons, value $71,211, 000; potatoes, production 5,168,000 bushels, value $9,819,000; sorghums, 1,040,000 acres, production 17,888,000 bushels, value $26,832,000.
1914 there were 3,136 manufacturing establishments, em ploying 41,259 wage earners. The capi tal invested amounted to $163,709,000, the wages paid to $25,970,000, the value of the materials used $261,248,000, and the value of the products $323,234,000. The chief manufacturing establishments are located at Kansas City, Argentine, Topeka, Leavenworth, and Wichita. The principal articles of manufacture in clude cured and packed meats, flour and grist, railroad cars, dairy products, foundry and machine shop products, ma sonry, millinery, books, saddlery and harness, soap and candles, tobacco and cigars, and refined zinc.
Banking.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 234 National banks in operation, having $12,353,000 in capital, deposits $101,287,000 and surplus $6,942,000. There were also 1,068 Stat,e private banks, having total deposits of $280, 297,000 and $12,488,000 surplus.
Edueation.—The school population is about 625,000, and enrollment about 410,000. The average daily attendance in 1920 was about 300,000. The teach ers number about 17,000. The State in stitutions of learning are the State University at Lawrence, attendance 1,251, State Normal School at Emporia, State Agriculture College at Manhattan. For higher education there were over 200 public high schools, and many private secondary schools. The colleges and uni versities for both sexes include the Oswego College for Young Ladies at Oswego, and the College of the Sisters of Bethany at Topeka. Among the most
noted colleges are the Baker University at Baldwin, Washburn College at Topeka, Campbell University at Holton, St. Mary's College at St. Mary's, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Southwest Kansas College at Winfield, Bethany College at Lindsborg, and McPherson College at McPherson.
Transportation.—The total mileage of first track railroads in the State is 9, 648. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific are the longest lines.
Churehes.—The strongest denomina tions in the State are the Methodist Epis copal; Roman Catholic; Regular Bap tist, North; Disciples of Christ; Presby terian, North; United Brethren; Con gregational; Friends; and Lutheran, General Council.
Finance.—The receipts for the year ending June 30, 1918, amounted to $15, 066,209, and the disbursements to $15, 005,384. The balance in the treasury amounted to $2,795,546. The State has no bonded debt.
Charities (tad Corrections.—The fol lowing institutions are under the control of the State Board of Administration: Penitentiary at Lansing; Industrial Re formatory at Hutchinson; Girls' Indus trial School at Beloit; Boys' Industrial School at Topeka; Industrial Farm for Women at Topeka; hospitals at Topeka, Osawatomie, Larned and Parsons; Home for Feeble Minded at Winfield; Or phans' Home at Atchison; Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Norton; School for the Blind at Kansas City; and School for the Deaf at Olathe.
State Government.—The governor is elected for a term of two years, Legislative sessions are held biennially and are limited to 50 days each. The Legislature has 40 members in the Sen ate, and 125 members in the House. There were 8 representatives in Con gress. The government in 1920 was Re publican.
History.—Kansas was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and is be lieved to have been visited by an army of Spaniards and Indians in 1541. It was explored by the French in 1724, and by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, of the United States army, in 1806. It was made a Territory in 1854, and disputes between the slavery and abolition par ties made Kansas a scene of bitter par tisan conflict. The repeal of the 'Mis souri Compromise of 1820 opened a new field for the extension of slavery, of which the slaveholders of Missouri and the South hastened to avail themselves, while the anti-slavery party of the North made equally vigorous efforts to people the new Territory. The result was a series of conflicts which continued for four years, fights taking place, towns being burned, and illegal voting freely indulged in. In the end the party op posing slavery triumphed; a constitution excluding slavery was adopted in 1859, and Kansas was admitted as a State, Jan. 29, 1861. During the Civil War Kansas sent into the field a larger num ber of . soldiers, in proportion to its population, than any other State. After the Civil War there was a great influx of immigrants, and since then there has been peace and steady progress.