NOBEL PRIZES, FOUNDATION,AND INSTITUTES. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, the Swedish inventor, provided before his death that five prizes be every year distributed to individuals, who during each respective year had made the great est contribution to progress and learn ing in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. The fund donated by him to these purposes was $9,200,000, of which the interest, usually about $200,000, is awarded by the trustees. The decision in the case of chemistry and physics was intrusted to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, in physiology and medicine to the Caroline or Medical in stitute in Stockholm, and in peace to a committee of five, elected by the Storth ing of Norway. The Nobel Foundation is formed of a president appointed by the government, and four other members chosen for a two-year term by fifteen deputies named by the bodies intrusted by the donor with the awards. The Foundation has care of the funds, to which one-tenth of the interest is annu ally added, while a fourth is deducted in the main for the use of the Nobel Institutes. These Institutes include that
of the Swedish Academy, with a literary library of 38,000 volumes; the Nobel In stitute for Physics and Chemistry of the Stockholm Academy of Sciences with a scientific library; and the Norwegian Nobel Institute, with a law library.
Awards have been made since 1901 and among the noted recipients have been W. K. Röntgen, G. Lippman, and G. Marconi in physics; Sir W. Ramsay, H. Moissan, and Marie Curie in chemistry; R. Koch and A. Carrel in medicine; B. Bjornson, F. Mistral, G. Cardu,-ci, R. Kipling, M. Maeterlinck, and Rabindranath Tagore in literature; and Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, T. Roosevelt, and E. Root in international peace. The peace prize for 1919 was awarded to Leon Bourgeois, and for 1920 to Woodrow Wilson.