MACMAHON, MARIE EDME PA TRICE MAURICE DE (mak-ma-iing), DUKE OF MAGENTA, a Marshal of France, descended from an Irish Jacobite family; born in Sully, near Autun, France, July 13, 1808. After distin guished services he won a marshal's baton and the dignity of Duke of Ma genta for the decisive part he took ill the battle of that name. He was nomi nated governor-general of Algeria in 1864. In the Franco-German War of 1870-1871 he had command of the first army corps, but was defeated at Worth, and wounded and captured at Sedan. On the close of the war he was made com mander of the army of Versailles, with which he suppressed the Commune. In 1873 he was elected president of the re public for a 'period of seven years. He resigned on Jan. 30, 1879. He died in Paris, Oct. 17, 1893.
McMASTER, JOHN BACH, an Amer ican historian; born in 1852 in Brooklyn, graduated 1872 at the College of the City of New York and became for some years after a civil engineer. In 1877 he became an instructor in Princeton Uni versity, and in 1883 he accepted his present position as professor of Amer ican History at the University of Penn sylvania. In his first year as professor appeared the first volume of his "History of the People of the United States," and since that time at various intervals until 1913 seven more volumes were published, completing the history of the United States from the close of the Revolution ary to the outbreak of the Civil War.
For his materials McMaster depended upon strictly primary sources, most of all the newspapers. He has gathered in his work all of importance that tran spired in the United States in the period covered. Particular attention was paid to social and economic conditions as well as political, nor was the development of the Western territory neglected, as had been the case in previous works. McMaster has published a number of other works, as, "Life and Times of Stephen Girard" (1917) ; "A History of the War of the United States with Germany," etc.
MacMILLAN. DONALD BAXTER, American explorer; born in Province town, Mass., 1874. He graduated from Bowdoin College and began teaching, be ing head of the classical department of Swarthmore Preparatory School in Pa., 1900-1903, and instructor at Worcester Academy, 1903-1908. In 1908 he joined the Peary North Polar Expedition and in 1910 the Cabot Labrador Party. From 1913 to 1917 he was leader of the Crocker Land Expedition. His ethnological studies of the Labrador Eskimos have been an important contribution to scien tific knowledge.