Agriculture.—The soil is a sandy loam admirably adapted to agriculture, and in places where it has become worked out the abundant natural fertilizers soon reclaim it. The principal forest trees are the black, white, red, and pin oaks, hickory, beech, shagbark, maple, cedar, elm, black walnut, ash, tulip, white and pitch pine, hemlock, spruce, holly, witch hazel, ironwood, cottonwood, dogwood, birch, alder, tamarack, willow, sweet gum, and wild cherry. The sand plains in the S. raise an abundance of cranber ries, and the peach, apple, pear, and berry crops of New Jersey are of great value, while floriculture receives great care. The production and valuee of the prin sipal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 10,800,000 bushels, valued at $16, 524,000; wheat, 1,962,000 bushels, valued at $4,316,000; rye, 1,296,000 bushels, val ued at $2,074,000; hay, 488,000 tons, valued at $14,201,000; potatoes, 10,560, 000 bushels, valued at $17,846,000; sweet potatoes, 1,750,000 bushels, valued at $3,850,000; cranberries, 161,000 barrels, valued at $1,288,000.
Manufactures.—The manufactures of New Jersey are very extensive and va ried. Newark is one of the principal general manufacturing centers of the country. Its production of jewelry, leather, and hats, is greater than in any other city in the Union. Jersey City has extensive abattoirs, stockyards, grain elevators, steel works, and sugar refin eries. Paterson is noted for its silk mills and locomotive works; Trenton for its potteries; Bridgeton, Millville, Salem and Glassboro for their glass works ; Bayonne for its oil refineries and boiler works; and Elizabeth for the shipyards, sewing machines, and machine shops. In 1914 there were 9,742 manufacturing estab lishments, employing 373,605 wage earn ers. The capital invested amounted to $1,352,382,000, and the wages paid to $211,136,000. The value of the material used was $883,465,000, and the value of the finished product, $1,406,633,000. The principal articles manufactured in cluded hats, pottery, drugs, refined oils, chemicals, silk, machinery, boilers, bar steel and iron, aluminum goods, cellu loid, household and agricultural uten sils, paper, cotton and woolen goods, to-. bacco, sewing machines, glass, structural iron, clothing, brick and terra cotta, scientific apparatus, soap, leather goods, boots and shoes, saddlery, brass goods, jewelry, and hard and soft rubber goods.
Banking.—In 1919 there were re ported 206 National banks in operation, having $22,957,000 in capital, $15,936, 273 in outstanding circulation, and $14, 652,270 in United States bonds. There were also 24 State banks with $2,238,000 capital, and $1,740,000 surplus; and 120 loan and trust companies, with $25,087, 000 capital, and $18,689,000 surplus.
Education.—In 1918 the total enrol ment in the public schools was 568,825. There was an enrolment in the evening schools of 33,588. There were 15,329 women teachers and 21,014 men teach ers. The average daily attendance in the day schools was 423,570. The average salary per year in the day schools was $948.29. The total expenditures for edu cational purposes were $33,723,115. For higher education there are St. Peter's College at Jersey City, St. Benedict's
College at Newark, Princeton University at Princeton, Seton Hall College at South Orange, Rutgers College at New Bruns wick, Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, the German Theological School of Newark at Bloomfield, and Borden town Female College at Bordentown.
Churches.—The strongest denomina tions in the State are the Roman Cath olic; the Methodist Episcopal; Presby terian, North; Regular Baptist; Prot estant Episcopal; Reformed; African Methodist; Lutheran, General Council; and Congregational.
Railroads.—The total railway mile age in the State in 1919 was 6,006. The roads having the longest mileage are the Pennsylvania and the Central Rail road of New Jersey.
Finances.—The total disbursements for the fiscal year 1919 amounted to $29,392,082, and the receipts to $32,587, 384. There was a balance on hand at the end of the year of $18,458,832.
Charities and Corrections.—The char itable and correctional institutions of the State include State Hospitals for the Insane at Trenton and Morris Plains, State Home for the Feeble-Minded at Vineland, State Reformatory for Crim inals at Rahway, State Prison at Tren ton, deaf and dumb asylum at Tren ton, and many other homes for the sick and mentally afflicted. Correctional schools and juvenile courts have been established in the counties of the first class.
State Government.—The governor is elected for a term of three years and receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. Legislature meets annually on the sec ond Tuesday in January and is not lim ited as to length of session. The legis lature has 21 members in the Senate, and 60 in the House. There are 12 rep resentatives in Congress. In 1920 the State legislature was Republican and the governor a Democrat.
History.—The first settlement in New Jersey was made by the Dutch at Bergen Point about 1615. Many Swedes and Danes afterward settled there, but the Dutch maintained possession till 1664, when it became English property and was given to the Duke of York. He di vided his grant of New Jersey between Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, who named it New Jersey after the island of Jersey where he had previously been governor. In 1682 East Jersey came under the jurisdiction of William Penn, and his partners in the Common wealth of Pennsylvania. In 1738 on the petition of the colony to have a separate administration, Lewis Morris was made governor of New Jersey, and until the beginning of the Revolutionary War the growth of the colony was peaceful. The province adopted a State constitution in 1776, and throughout the Revolutionary War it was frequently the scene of stirring events. On its soil were fought the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Red Bank, and Monmouth. The first legis lature was convened at Princeton in August, 1776, and the Federal Constitu tion was adopted by a unanimous vote, Dec. 18, 1787. The State capital was definitely located at Trenton in 1790. The constitution of 1776, which was super seded by another on Aug. 13, 1844, was materially modified in 1873 and 1875. The original constitution granted suf frage without distinction to sex or color, and up to 1807 women exercised their right.