LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN, an English archeologist, naturalist and politician; born in London, England, April 30, 1834. He joined his father's banking business in 1848; became a partner in 1856; entered Parliament in 1870 as member for Maidstone; after 1880 represented London University. He was a recognized authority on financial and educational questions. He was also distinguished as a man of science, being author of "Pre historic Times"; "Origin of Civilization"; "Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects"; "British Wild Flowers in their Relation to Insects"; "Ants, Bees and Wasps"; "The Origin of Civilization and the Prim itive Condition of Man"; "Buds and Stipules" (1898) ; "Marriage, Totemism and Religion" (1909). He died in 1913.
LErBECIC (lii'bek), a free city and state of Germany, on the Trave, about 10 miles from Travemiinde, at its mouth in the Gulf of Lubeck, in the Baltic, 36 miles N. E. of Hamburg; lat. 53° 52' N., lon, 10° 45' 5" E.; area of state, 115 square miles; pop. about 100,000; the land is very productive; chief industry, cattle raising. The city is built on a ridge between the Trave and the Wake nitz; environs well wooded, and enli vened with cheerful villas; streets wide, the houses generally old, built of stone, and with their gable ends toward the street, are generally lofty, six or seven stories being quite common; has schools of surgery, navigation, etc., public li brary of 130,000 volumes. Prior to the
World War Liibeck had large commercial interests, chiefly with the north and west of Europe.
Its date of foundation is uncertain, but it existed in 1140, was ceded to the dukes of Saxony in 1158, taken by the Danes in 1201; was made a free imperial city in 1226, when the Danish garrison was expelled; became the head of the Hanseatic League in 1241. The dissolu tion of the League marked the epoch of its decline. It was annexed to the em pire in 1810, and regained its freedom after the battle of Leipsic in 1813.
LUBLIN (16'blin), the capital of a Polish government (area 6,501 square miles; pop. about 1,576,000), on a sub tributary of the Vistula, 96 miles S. E. of Warsaw; has a 13th century cathedral and manufactures of tobacco, beer, candles, soap, etc., and a large trade in corn and wool. It was plundered by the Mongols in 1240, 1344, and 1477; from the end of the 14th to the end of the 16th century was the principal com mercial town between the Vistula and the Dnieper; except the gates, nothing now remains of its former walls. Here was signed in 1569 the treaty of union between Lithuania and Poland. Lublin was captured by the Russians in 1831. The city was in the area of active war fare during the World War, and in 1914 a Russian army defeated Austrian forces rere. Pop. about 70,000.