ETOOVS raTcrypti5ew. Nor are there wanting other similar passages in proof of this ; but we must bear in mind, that in Dionys. the word denotes a literal substitution, while in our passage the substitution is figurative, far-fetched, and hard to unriddle. It is not probable that the Apostle should not have said dent, if he had really wished to express that thought. Moreover, the very essence of the argument, the notion that resurrec tion is the compensation for the sufferings of life, is here not at all given, nor even hinted at except we connect the &EL directly with ver. 59, a thing quite impossible. A somewhat similar opinion is expressed by F. J. Herman, that dir/p = prreter Genes. xxvii. 9), ' Cur prater eos qui jam mortui alii quoque baptismum suscipiunt, et ita initiati religionem Christianorum profitentur, si tamen nulla erit resurrectio mortuorum nec melioris vita prremium expectandum est ?' In this sense, however, in,* would require the accusative.
C. in a figurative sense.
Some (referring to the words of Christ, Matt. xx. 22) take it in the sense of the baptism of pas sion, suffering: this is evidently too forced to -aouire refutation.' The uncertainty which attaches to this phrase ology led Valcknaer to suggest that we should read Barn. eirywv verpc2w, in place of g. &rep Yea. j but this is pure conjecture, however ingenious, and, besides, gives a meaning to the passage which seems pointless and inapposite to the writer's pur pose.—W. L. A.
BAQAR ('1p1 Arab. from a verb signifying to cleave, divide, to wit, the ground; comp. Lat. armentum from am, trio from terp]). This word is used to designate both the individual animal, and collectively the class to which it be longs, or a multitude of individuals of the class. It is applicable to all ruminants, but is especially used to designate the Bovidm or Beeve tribe (the ox, or cow, or a herd of such), and the genus of the larger antelope.
The earliest pastoral tribes appear to have had domesticated cattle in the herd ; and judging from the manners of South Africa, where we find nations still retaining in many respects primeval usages, it is likely that the patriarchal families, or at least their movables, were transported on the backs of oxen in the manner which the Caffres still practise, as also the Gwallahs and grain-merchants in India, who come down from the interior with whole droves bearing burdens. But as the Hebrews did
not castrate their bulls, it is plain some other method of enervation (bistournure?) was necessary in order to render their violent and brutal indo cility sufficiently tractable to permit the use of a metal ring or twisted rope passed through the nostrils, and to ensure something like safety and command to their ovvners. In Egypt, emascula tion, no doubt, was resorted to, for no ring is ob servable in the numerous representations of cattle, while many of these indicate even more entire docility in these animals than is now attained.
The breeds of Egypt were various, differing in the length and flexures of the horns. There were some with long horns, others with short, and even none, while a hunched race of Nubia reveals an Indian origin, and indicates that at least one of the nations on the Upper Nile had come from the val leys of the Ganges ; for it is to the east of the Indus alone that that species is to be found whose ori ginal stock appears to be the mountain yak (Bo: grunniens). It is born with two teeth in the mouth, has a groaning voice, and is possessed of other distinctive characters. Figures of this species or variety bear the significant lotus flower suspended from the neck, and, as is still practised in India, they are harnessed to the cars of princesses of Nubia. These, as well as the straight-backed cattle of Egypt, are all figured with evident indica tion of beauty in their form, and they are in general painted white with black, or rufous clouds, or en tirely red, speckled, or grandinatea' that is, black with numerous small white specks ; and there are also beeves with white and black occasionally marked in a peculiar manner, seemingly the kind of tokens by which the priesthood pretended to recognize their sacred individuals. The cattle of Egypt continued to be remarkable for beauty for some ages after the Moslem conquest ; for Abdol latiph, the historian, extols their bulk and propor tions, and in particular mentions the Al-chisiah breed for the abundance of milk it furnished and for the beauty of its curved horns.