EUMENES II. king of Pergamus, and son of Attains I. His accession to the throne is fixed by the death of his predecessor to B.C. 197 (Clinton, F. II:, iii. p. 403). He inherited from his father the friendship and alliance of the Romans, and when peace was made in B.C. 196 with Philip V., king of Macedonia, he was presented with the towns of Oreus and Eretria in Eubma (Liv. xxxiii. 34). In B.C. 191 Eumenes and the Romans en gaged the fleet of Antiochus (Liv. xxxvi. and seeing more than ever the policy of adhering to the Romans, he, in the following year, rendered them valuable assistance at the battle of Magnesia, commanding his own troops in person (Liv. xxxvii. ; Just. xxxi. S ; Appian, Syr. 34). As soon as peace was concluded, B.C. 188, Eumenes set out for Rome to ask some rewards for his services. The Senate were pleased with the modesty of his beha viour, and conferred upon him the Thracian C her sonese, Lysimachia, both Phrygias, Mysia, Lyca onia, Lydia, and Ionia, with some exceptions. One province only would have much enlarged his dominions, hut by this large addition to his terri tory he found himself one of the most powerful of monarchs (Liv. xxxvii. 56 ; xxxviii. 39 ; Polyb. xxii. 27 ; Appian, Syr. 44). About the same time he married the daughter of Ariarathes IV., king of Cappadocia (Liv. xxxviii. 39). Eumenes con tinued in good favour with the Romans for several years, and repeatedly sent embassies to them. In B.C. 172 he again visited Rome, and in return ing nearly lost his life through the treachery of Perseus, king of Macedonia (Liv. xlii. r I-16). In B.C. 169 Eumenes is said to have had secret cor respondence with Perseus, by which act he lost the favour of the Romans (Polyb., Frag. Vat. xxix., Didot. cd., pp. 39, 4o), and two years after he was forbidden to enter Rome (Liv., Epit. xlvi.) The latter part of his reign was disturbed by frequent wars with Prusias, king of Bithynia. The Romans favourably received his brother Attains, apparently for the purpose of exciting him against Eumenes, who had sent him to Rome. A ttalus, however, was induced through the entreaties of a physician, named Stratius, to abandon any such ideas. Eumenes thus managed to keep on friendly terms with his brother and the Romans till his death (Liv. xlv. 19, 20 ; Polyb. xxx. 1-3 ; xxxi. 9 ;
xxxii. 5). The exact date of his death is not men tioned by any writer, but it must have taken place in B.C. 159 (Clinton, F. H., iii. p. 406).
Eumenes II. much improved the city of Perga mus by erecting magnificent temples and other public buildings. His greatest act was the founda tion of a fine and splendid library, which rose to be a rival in extent and value even to that of Alexandria (Strabo, xiii. 4, Didot. ed., p. 533 ; Plin. xxii. I 1 ; xxxv. 3).
The large accessions of territory given to Eu menes at the completion of the treaty with Antiochus, in B.C. 188, are also mentioned in I Maccab. viii. 8. It is there said that `the Romans gave him the country of India and Media, and Lydia, and part of their fairest countries' (Kai xthpay rite Kai 11N6eLav Kai Aaictv, fiat fird KCCX XITTCOP cuirelip). This is in part clearly out of the question, for neither India nor Media belonged to Antiochus or the Romans. All the Greek and Latin texts agree in this reading, and it is difficult to offer any solution. Many suggestions have been made, such as for India, the Eneti of Papiarlagonia, mentioned in Strabo, and according to Zenodotus, called in his time Amisus (Strabo, xii. 3, p. 465), Hecatus says they were the Eneti of Homer (//. ii. 852 ; Strabo, xii. 3, p. 473). But in any case these people had disappeared long before. Another suggestion is that the India of Xenophon is meant (Cyrop. i. 5. 3, etc.), which may have been on the Carian river Indus (KciNgcs, Strabo, xiv. 2, p. 556 ; Ptol. v. 2. I), but this is not pro bable, and the Cyropmdia is of no historical value whatever. Long dissertations have been written to solve this difficulty, but without much success (Cf. Wernsdorff, De fid. Libr. place., sec. xxvii.) Gro tius without any MS. authority substitutes Ionia,' for India,' and Mysia' for Media.' This is certainly the happiest suggestion, and perfectly agrees with the account of Livy (xxxvii. 55) ut cis Taurum montcm gum infra regni Antiochi fines fuissent, Eumeni attribuerentur Lyciam Cariamque, usque ad fluvium,' etc., and all the other statements of classical writers. F. W. M.