III. USAGE OF AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN THE N. T.—Confining our notice here simply to the philology of the subject, the instances of this usage may be classified thus :— I. The verb or noun alone, or with the object bap tized merely as parrtcOryat, Matt. iii. 13, 14; pcurno-Bas, Mark xvi. 16 ; Pairrqwv, Mark i. 4 ; vii. 4 ; pall-rig-Els, John i. 25 ; ef3chr rtoa, 1 Cor. i. 14, etc.; gcbrricua airroe, Matt. iii. 7; ev 13cirrtcrita, Eph. iv. 5 ; peirrcalta, Col. ii. 12 ; I Pet. iii. 21, etc.; rornpicev, Mark vii. 4, 8 ; ParrterAcCue otaaxiis, Heb. vi. 2 ; ota0Opots f3arrtcriais, ix. W.
2. With addition of the element of baptism: as be Hart, Mark i. 8, etc. ; be 7rve4tart It-ytko Ka/ rept,. Matt. iii. II, etc.; iOart, Luke iii. 16, etc. The force of be in such formula:, has by some been pressed, as if it indicated that the object of baptism was in the element of baptism ; but by most the be is regarded as merely the nota dativi, so that be Hart means no more than the simple Hart, as the by 7rNoico of Matt. xiv. 13 means no more than the of Mark vi. 32. See Matthias, sec. 401, obs. 2 ; Kiihner, sec. 585, Anm. 2. The use of by after parrIN in relation to the element of bap tism, is a departure from classical usage, accord ing to which cis, or zrphs, with the accusative, or the simple dative (though rarely) is used." Only in one instance does the classical usage appear in the N. 'F., Mark i. 9, where we have nit rdv 'Iopociene, and this can hardly be regarded as a real exception to the ordinary usage of the N. T., because Els here is local rather than instrumental. On this differ ence of usage stress has been laid as indicative of a difference of signification between flarrq'w as used in the N. T., and as used by the classical writers. In connection with this may be noticed the phrases Karapateetv els To limp, and arof3alvew be or cisrd rob Haros. According to some, these decisively prove that the party baptized, as well the baptizer, went down into the water, and came up out of it. But,' on the other hand, it is con tended that the phrases do not necessarily imply more than that they went to (i. e., to the margin of) the water and returned thence.
3. Willi specification of the end or purpose for which the baptism is effected: This is usually indi cated by Els : as parrToprEs els re:. 6ecnza, Matt.
xxviii. 19, and frequently ; eparrlcrOver cis xpla TdP . . EIS rite Ociparov atiroll, Rom. vi. 3, al. ; Els rdv ilif.01.10* bparricOnaav, i Cor. x. 3 ; els its xii. 13 ; ercao-ros . . . cis ap.aortiZe, Acts ii. 38, etc. In these cases els retains its proper significancy, as indicating the terminus ad quern, and tropically, that for which, or with a view to which the thing is done ; modified according as this is a person or a thing. Thus, to be baptized for Moses, means to be baptized with a view to following or being subject to the rule of Moses ; to be baptized for Christ, means to be baptized with a view to becoming a true follower of Christ ; to be baptized for his death, means to be baptized with a view to the enjoyment of the bene fits of his death ; to be baptized for the remission of sins, means to be baptized with a view to receiv ing this ; to be baptized for the name of any one, means to be baptized with a view to the realization of all that the meaning of this name implies, etc. In one passage Paul uses &rrip to express the end or design of baptism, f3corrcOueeot inrbp rues vercoie'v, Cor. xv. 29 ; but here the involved idea of substi tution justifies the use of the preposition. Instead of a preposition, the genitive of object is some times used, as pdrztaiza therapoiar, Luke iii. 3, al.
pcin-rtakta Ets the baptism which has pc-tavola as its end and purpose.
4. With specification of the ground or basis on which the baptism rests.—This is expressed by the use of in the phrases iv ev6p.art rivos, and once by the use of bri with the dative, Acts ii. 38 : ' to he baptized on the name of Christ, i. e., so that the baptism is grounded on the confession of his name' (Winer, p. 469). Some regard these formulw as identical in meaning with those in which els is used with 6voita, but the more exact scholars view them as distinct.
These two last-mentioned usages are peculiar to the N. T., and arise directly from the new signifi cancy which its writers attached to baptism as a rite.
Hitherto we have kept within the field of pure philology ; we must now advance to the considera tion of baptism as an act. And here it may be of advantage to consider the instances in the N. T. in which baptism is used in a non-ritual sense before we proceed to notice it as a rite.