Midlands of England.
6-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, barley ; 3, roots ; 4, oats; 5, clover and grasses mown; 6, pasture. Wheat is grown before barley to ensure a more uniform sample of the latter. Grain and stock are sold.
1, Turnips ; 2, barley ; 3, barley ; 4, clover, grazed until May and then allowed to mature seed ; 5, wheat ; 6, oats.
1, Turnips ; 2, barley ; 3, peas ; 4, fallow or intertilled crop ; 5, wheat ; 6, oats.
Common North England and Scotch.
5-course : 1, Wheat or oats ; 2, turnips and pota toes, part in each ; 3, barley or oats ; 4, clover and grass mown ; 5, pasture. This permits heavy crop ping and there is but one intertilled crop in five ; labor bill comparatively light.
Scotch (Lothians) 5-course. Land rented high : 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes or beans ; 3, wheat ; 4, tur nips ; 5, wheat or barley ; 6, clover or grass.
Scotch 7-course used in the north of Scotland : 1, Oats ; 2, barley ; 3, turnips • 4, oats ; 5, 6, 7, clover and grass. Practically all of the crops are fed to the stock. Sometimes the oats are made into oatmeal.
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1762: The Aberdeen rotation : 1, Bere ; 2, oats ; 3, oats. Long practiced.
The East Lothian : 1, Summer fallow, manured ; 2, barley ; 3, oats ; 4, peas ; 5, wheat.
The Carse : 1, Summer fallow and peas ; 2, wheat ' • 3, barley ; 4, oats.
The Norfolk 4-course was also used.
Scotland, A. D., 1900, W. S. Ferguson, Picston hill, Perth; farm, 1,000 acres : 1, Oats ; 2, turnips ; 3, barley ; 4, potatoes ; 5, wheat ; 6, grass for one or two years.
George Bell, Errol, Perth : 1, Wheat ; 2, turnips ; 3, barley or oats with grass and clover ; 4, meadow; 5 and 6, pasture ; 7, oats ; 8, potatoes.
W. F. Bell, Dundee, farm, 2,000 acres. His rota tion is : 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes ; 3, wheat ; 4, turnips; 5, oats ; 6 and 7, grass, cut green and sold. For the past one hundred years all crops have been sold off the farm in Dundee, and manure hauled back, the grass going to cow-keepers. The farm is as pro ductive as ever.
Cunningham, of Delachy, Aberdour. Area, 593
acres. Half the farm is in grass, the remainder is cropped as follows : 1, Potatoes ; 2, wheat ; 3, turnips ; 4, barley ; 5, hay ; 6, oats. Cattle and sheep are bred and sold fat. None are bought for fattening.
Europe. Used by beet-growers, 1900.
3-course: 1, Oats (manured); 2, beets ; 3, wheat. 3-course : 1, Oats ; 2, beets (manured); 3, wheat. 4-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, beets (manured); 3, bar ley or oats ; 4, clover.
4-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover ; 3, rye, or oats ; 4, beets (manured).
Ireland. Flax-growing regions. In use in 1906.
4-course : 1, Oats ; 2, potatoes, mangels or tur nips ; 3, oats, barley or flax ; 4, rye-grass and clover. By changes in 2 and 3, this can be made 8-course, flax being grown once in eight years.
Bavaria. (Schubert, 1700-1800.) 1, Potatoes ; 2, barley ; 3, clover ; 4, wheat. The land became clover-sick under this system. This was later found to be true by Lawes and Gil bert, Rothamsted, England, in the Norfolk four course of roots, barley, clover, wheat ; and still more recently by Terry, in Ohio, in his rotation of wheat, clover and potatoes.
Belgium. Flax-growing districts. In use 1906.
7-course : 1, Rye ; 2, oats ; 3, clover ; 4, barley or rye ; 5, potatoes ; 6, barley, wheat or rye ; 7, flax. Clover or carrot seed is often sown with the flax. The rotation is often extended to an 8-, 9 or 10-course, but practically none of the land is seeded for pasture.
France.
1750. Main crop woad : 1, Wheat ; 2, millet ; 3, woad ; 4, grass, allowed to remain several years ; sometimes two successive crops of woad were taken.
For saffron, A. D. 1750, eighteen to twenty years rotation, the statement being made that it could not be grown at closer intervals. The crop takes four years to mature : 1, Land followed and frequently plowed ; 2-6, saffron, one crop ; 7, oats, and seeded to sainfoin ; 8-16, sainfoin cut for hay ; 17, grapes for several years or barley ; 18, wheat ; and then land followed as before.