1750. Main crop teasel : 1, Land manured, fall and spring-plowed and sown to wheat or rye in fall, teasel seed sown with it or in spring ; 2 and 3, teasel, takes two years to mature.
1750-1760. Main crop flax : 1, Fallow ; 2, fallow ; 3, flax ; 4, grass for several years.
1, Maize or turnips ; 2, beans ; 3, flax ; 4, grass for several years.
1, Flax or hemp ; 2, turnips or other roots ; 3, wheat or barley ; 4, clover or alfalfa for several years.
1, Beans ; 2, carrots ; 3, wheat or barley ; 4, alfalfa or clover for several years. Normandy and Guienne, 1750 : 2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, fallow.
2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover.
2-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, maize, land manured.
3-course : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover, sown on wheat ; stubble irrigated and grazed by sheep in winter and spring, irrigated again later and mown for hay ; 3, land plowed and sown to kidney beans or millet.
Patullo's rotation for rich land : 1, Fallow, manured, sown to wheat in fall ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats or barley ; 4, wheat.
1760. Patullo's rotation for light land. Land cleared, fallowed, manured and wheat sown in fall; 1, Wheat, stubble plowed and sown to turnips ; 2, peas, followed by turnips as'a catch-crop; 3, barley, and seeded with clover ; 4, clover (hay) manured ; 5, clover (hay); 6, clover grazed and plowed in fall ; 7, barley ; 8, wheat.
Angoumois, 1760: 1, Meslin of barley, oats. wheat, peas, etc., cut green; 2, maize ; 3, wheat ; 4, barley or oats or a mixture of same ; 5, fallow, 1, Maize 2. wheat ; 3, maize, barley or oats ; 4, wheat or fallow.
1760. 5-course: 1, Maize; 2, potatoes; 3, wheat; 4, clover. mown ; 5, clover pasture, for one or more years.
1, Turnips, carrots, potatoes fed to stock ; 2, wheat or barley : 3, alfalfa for several years.
Normandy and Brittany, 1760: 1, Oats ; 2, gorse or whin for several years, cut for stock and bruised.
11 years : 1, oats, sown thinly and sainfoin ; 2-10. sainfoin, mown ; 11, wheat or rye.
Bayeux. 1760. Ten years, good : 1, Buckwheat, sown end of June, land manured, followed by wheat ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats or barley ; 4, peas, vetches or turnips, and sown to wheat in fall ; 5, wheat ; 6, oats and clover seed ; 7-10, clover, pastured.
Holland. Flax-growing district near Rotterdam. In use 1906.
7-course : 1, Rye or wheat ; 2, beets or oats, mannred ; 3, flax, the land having been previously manured with liquid manure ; 4, beans or clover ; 5, potatoes ; 6, rye or oats ; 7, clover. The rota
tion is not so strictly adhered to as formerly, owing to various economic conditions, largely scarcity of labor. Land is rented at about fifteen dollars per acre, per annum.
Italy. Old rotations. A. D., 1500-1600.
1, Millet ; 2, wheat.
Brescia : 1, Flax and millet ; 2, maize ; 3, wheat ; 4, pasture for a long time.
Brescia : 1, Wheat ; 2, clover ; 3, flax and mil let ; 4, maize ; 5, pasture for several years.
Venice.
C. Tarello, 1566, suggested the following 4 course and was granted a royalty thereon, same to be paid by any person using the rotation : 1, Fallow (manured); 2, grain ; 3, clover and grass ; 4, clover and grass.
Russia. (1. M. Rubinow, United States Bureau of Statistics, Bulletin No. 42, p. 53.) There is lit tle systematic rotation of crops in practice. The most primitive system in vogue, and the one largely used both in European Russia and Siberia, is to clear the land from the forest and sow to wheat or rye, which are grown continuously until the yield is reduced to almost nothing, when the land is abandoned for 10, 15 or even 30 years.
A more advanced system is the "three-field," consisting of : 1, Winter rye ; 2, spring-wheat ; 3, fallow ; or, 1, winter rye ; 2, oats ; 3, fallow.
In some regions, the introduction of potatoes, sugar-beets, maize, tobacco and sown grasses has led to their use in the system instead of the fallow.
Egypt.
3-conrse on reclaimed irrigated alkali land : 1, Samar (Cyperus lecvigatus, a reed) ; 2, rice ; 3, cotton.
1, Samar ; 2, cotton ; 3, maize.
India, in general.
The rotation of crops is well understood and is generally practiced with more or less system. Voelcker states that the same fields have grown the same crops on much the same system as at present for centuries ; it is averred, too, that, by rotation and fallows, the land receives the neces sary change of cropping and the " rest " from cul tivation which prevents its going down in quality (p. 36, Indian Agriculture). A remarkable feature is the frequent use of legumes and the sowing of mixtures of crops together, the same to be har vested at different times. For example : Juar or millet (Sorghum vulgare) and arhar or pigeon pea (Cajanus Indices) are sown in alternate rows like corn and cowpeas in the southern states, a grain and a leguminous crop being secured from the land in one year.