Quercus infectoria and other species yield the gall or dyers' nut-oak. Q. infectoria is called the gall oak, because the gall or nut-gall is produced on it. It is a native of the countries from the Levant to Kurdistan, and is supposed to yield thc product known as Mecca galls, E. I. galls, and Bussora galls.
Raudia dumetorum fruit, the maiu-phal, is used in calico printing as a colour intensifier.
Rhamnus catharticus is the buckthorn of Europe and Asia. Its foliage and bark can be employed for the preparation of a green dye. R. chlophorus, Lindley, and the R. utilis of China, furnish a superior green pigment for silk.
In 1818, M. de Montigny, consul at Shaug-hai, forwarded to the Minister of Commerce green cottons named Liou-sai (that is, cloth dyed with the dye produced by the tree lion). Father Helot stated that these cottons are commercially known by the name of Se-lo-pou (green-coloured cloth) when dyed with the bark ; Ngheou-lose (water lily green colour) " and Ngheou-lo-pou (water lily green cloth), that is to say, dyed of the colour of the leaves of nymplima, when they have been dyed with the Lo-kao. The cost of dyeing in green a square metre (39 inches and a fraction) of cotton stuff, either with the bark or the Lo-kao, is about 50 centimes (about 6 annas and 5 pies). M. de Montigny sent at the same time 10 eatties (about 13 pounds) of Pih-chow-elle (green colour), cost 4950 sapecs (about 10 rupees 6 annas), 50 catties (about 65 pounds) of Tong loh, a green paint said to be prepared from the seed of No-me, cost 20,800 sapecs (about 42 rupees 4 anna,$).
Rheum Moorcroftianum,- the rhubarb root, is used to obtain a yellow on woollen and silk.
Rhizophora mangle, the mangrove bark, in. Arakau yields a dye of a chocolate colour. A decoction of It mangrove bark of Penang is said to produce a deep black in material previously dyed blue. Mangrove bark is extensively ex ported to China as a tanning substance.
Rin-nay, of the Burmese, is used for dyeing phoungye (priests) clothes with yellow orange colour.
Rubio. cordifolia supplies the Indian manjith of commerce, and R. tinctoria the madder, both of them yielding a red dye. See Madder.
Ruellia cornosa, of Assam, the mai-gyee of Burma and Tenasserim, furnishes the blue room dye, which is prepared after the manner of indigo. It grows wild. R. indigotica is the Tien-ching of China, where it is grown for its blue dye. R. indigofera is cultivated in Burma for local use as a blue dye. Its yield is about 8 cwt. per acre.
Saltpetre in solution is used in wool-dyeing.
Saffron, from the Crocus sativus of Europe, is largely imported into India as a cosmetic. •Saffron from Kashmir, from its price, is prohibitive as a dye ; it is used as a drug and cosmetic.
Semecarpus an acardiu m is the marking-nut tree ; the juice of the nut is used for marking cloth. - Soda salts, in the form of impure carbonate or sulphate of soda, are used as detergents, for washing cloth as a preliminary in calico printing. These salts, efflorescing on the surface of the ground, have rendered tracts of land in Hindustan uncul tivable. A carbonate of soda, called rassi, is pre pared from the reh efflorescence, by dissolving it in water and allowing foreign substances to settle.
Sajji is a mixture of the carbonates of soda and potash. It is made by dissolvincr wood-ashes and reh in water, and exposing the solution to the sun for several days. It is used in extracting the crimson dye from safflower ; also in bleachina.
Soyrnida febrifuga is used to produce one of the khaki or dirty browns of which cotton stuffs are ofted dyed ; it is used also along with more valu able arnotto and kapila.
Strobilanthus flaccidus, the rampat of India is a small shrub. Its leaves and twigs are boiled' in water with the yarn to be dyed red, which, how ever, is not a permanent colour.
Symplocos raceniosa, S. grandiflora, S. panicu lata, bark aud leaves, yield yellow dyes. The bark is used in calico printing and leather-dyeino., and as an auxiliary to other dyes ; they are use% with madder.
Tagetes erecta and T. patula, the marigolds ; their flowers soaked in water yield a yellow dye, when squeezed out by the hand. Common people use it for their house clothing. The shades of yellow are called gendia and charepai. .