ERYTHROXYLON, a genus of plants of the order Lineal E. Burmaaficum, Kunthianum, and monogynum are known in the East Indies. The heart-wood of E. monogynum, nexb., has a pleasant resinous smell, is very hard, and takes a beautiful polish. Beddome gives it as a synonym of E. Indicum, D. C. calls it bastard sandal, also Devadaru and Adavi goranta. Wood is used as a substitute for sandal-wood; and an empyreu inatic oil or wood-tar of a reddish-brown colour is procured from it, which is used for preserving the wood employed in construction of native boats.
In South America, the leaves of E. coca, Dan., are dried in the sun, and used as a masticatory. In the time of the first Incas, its use was specially restricted to certain religious rites, and the private consumption of the monarch. But when Peru was subjugated by the Spaniards, they found coca used as a means of exchange ill the absence of a metallic currency, and one of their early monopolies WES that of its cultivation. At tho present time it is largely cultivated in the warmer valleys near La Paz, covering the mountain slopes, under about 7000 feet elevation. The leaves are chewed with a minute quantity of an alkaline paste, serving as a condiment, made from the ashes of the guinea; but also of a cactus or some other plant, or in some parts of the con tinent, with lime. One of the most remarkable features in the use of this nervous stimulant, is the power which it confers to endure long continued fatirme. Tho miner will perform for twelve long aunt the work of the tnine, and sotnetimes oven doubles that period, without taking any further sustenance than a handful of parched maize, but every three hours he makes a pause for the purpose of chewing coca. Its leaves
are called spadic, alNo coca, and they contain two alkaloids, cocain and hygriu, also a peculiar tannie acid. More than 1600,000 worth are annually collected. Whether the Asiatic species of this genus have this sustaining power, is not known.— Markham ; Poeppig; Beth,. Fl. part p. 81.
ERZRUM, or Roman or Constan tinople territory, was taken with pillage and havoc by tho Tartars in 1241. It is the capital of the pashalic which bears the same name, and is about ten days' journey from the Persian frontier. It is built on an elevated plain about G000 feet above tho level of tho sea. The cold there is intense, and lasts usually from September till Nifty. Lying on the high road from Persia to Constan tinople, it is the resort of many merchants and caravans; but it has not recovered the Russian occupation in 1829, when its fortifications were dismantled, and many of its nice opulent and industrious inhabitants, the Armenians, were in (laced to emigrate. One of the branches of the Euphrates flows at a short distance below the city.
ES or as, according to the translator of the Eddas, is the name for God with all the Celtic races. So it was with the Tuscans, doubtless from the Sanskrit, or rather from a more pro vincial tongue, the common contraction of Eswur, the Egyptian Osiris the Persian Syr, the sun god. Thor is called' Asa Thor the Lord Thor ; and Odin is also called As or 'Lord ; the Gauls also called him CEs or Es, and with a Latin ter mination, Hesus, whom Lucan calls Esus. Eswara is a usual title of Siva.—Edda, ii. pp. 45-6 ; Tod's Rcrjastlian, p. 564.