The Kih-mang-ku-yin live in excavations made in high cliffs in the Kwang-shun-chau district. The King-kia of Li-po-hien have a festival on the last day of the tenth month, at which they sacrifice to demons. In the eleventh month, the unmarried folks have a dance, at which they choose life partners for themselves.
The Luh-ligelt-tsze of the Wei-ning district, in Ta-ting, inter their dead in coffins, but after a year, and for seven successive years, re-open the graves, wash and clean the bones, and replace them.
The Lang-tsze-Miau of Wei-ning follow the Couvade practice. On the birth of a child, the husband takes to bed, and is cooked for and waited on by the wife, who suckles the child and works in the fields ' • not till after a month does the husband go abroad. When a parent dies, so soon as life becomes extinct, they twist the head round backwards, so that, as they say, he can see behind him.
a general name applied to a population common to a vast area in Siberia and China. Their physiognomy connects it with the tribes of Northern Asia in general, and their language forms a transition between the monosyllabic and agglutinate forms of speech. The Tungus, under the name Manchu, constitute the dominant population of China itself. The tribes under Chinese rule, in Manchuria, on the watershed of the Amu, are termed Manchu. The Manchu proper have a literature, with an alphabet modified from the Mongol. They are agricultural and industrial. They conquered China in 1644, and founded a dynasty. The Tungus on the shores of Okotsk call themselves Lamut, from Larnu, the sea. Some Tungus call themselves Boji or men, others Donki or people. • The Mongol, properly Mang-ku have four branches, viz. the Eastern Mongol, Kahnuk, the Buriat, and the Hazara or Aimaq. Originally the Eastern Mongol got from the Chinese the nickname of Ta Ta, but since the 8th century they have been called Mang-ku (Mongol). They inhabit the eastern half of Gobi, and are divided into the two borders, the Schara towards the south, and the Kalka, their northern neighbours.
The Chinese are now spreading through the Archipelago, east of Asia, and America. The immigrants evince great physical strength and endurance, much intellectual energy and per severance. They have great power of organiza tion, and give each other mutual assistance and support. Wherever bodily strength and manual dexterity have to be combined, the Chinese in the east of Asia have no equal, and they are seen wherever mines have to be worked, new agricultural products introduced, or factories erected and put to use ; expert in all artisan and handicraft work. While the British and German settlers refuse to marry the native women with whom they associate, and leave the offspring in bastardy, the Chinese invariably raises his Burmese, Cambodian, Malay, or Siamese helpmate to the full rank of wife, treats and honours her as such, and bestows on her children all the advantages to be conferred by acknowledged legitimacy, backed by strong parental affection.
There are three prominent philosophies in China, following the views of Kung-tsze (Con fucius), of Laou-tse, whose religion is known as the Taou, and the Buddhists who adhere to the teachings of Sakya. The doctrines of Confucius are based on the moral consciousness of right and wrong, which he believed to be inherent in all men. The Taouist morality is based on the Kan yong-peen, or book of retribution, in which it is inculcated that the punishments of sin and rewards of good doing fall in this life. Sakya's followers teach a strictly moral code, but in Tibet there is a hierarchy which exercises political power. The Woo-wei-keaou is a sect of China. Muhammadanism and Christianity have made pro gress. In the state religion there are sacrifices to the heavens (Teen), to Te, the earth, and to Tae-meaon, the great temple of ancestors ; and education of the people is regarded as essential to the welfare of the state. Women are rarOly edu cated. Marriage is universal ; polygamy is allowed. Infanticide and sale of children are practised.