The Himalayan mountains thus form the meeting ground of the Aryan and Turanian races. The two stocks are in some places curiously inter mingled, though generally distinguishable. To the extreme north-west are found the Dard, an Ayran race of mountaineers, abutting on the Pathans or Afghans on the west, and the Balti, a race of mahomedanized Tibetans of the Turan ian stock, on the east. To this latter stock also belong the Champs, a race of hardy pomades, wandering about the high-level valleys of Rupehu, and the Ladakhi, a settled race, cultivating the valleys of their country. The other Aryan racek are the Pahari or 'mountaineers,' the Kashmiri, the Dogra, and Chibhali, who inhabit the outer hills. In Garhwal and Kamaon we find the Kanawari (inhabitants of Bashahir), the Nilang people, who differ in no respect from those of Hundes, and the inhabitants of the Bhotia Mahals of Kamaon and Garhwal, who are of mixed Tartar and Indian origin.
A number of the hill-men are Rajputs, and there are a few villages of Brahmans. The Dom a hereditary bondsmen to the Rajputs. Basgi men ai women are singers at the temples. From Kasha eastwards, all the easily accessible portions of t] Himalaya are occupied by Aryan Ilindu as far the eastern border of Kamaon and the Kali rive separating Kamaon from Nepal,the Tibetans beh here confined to the valleys about and beyond tl snow. People of Tibetan blood have migrated in Nepal throughout its whole length, and formed mixed tribes, whose appearance and la gunge is more Tibetan than Indian, but who religion and manners are Hindu. East of Nep in Sikkini and Bhutan, the Hindu element almc disappears, and the Tibetans are altogether don rant. Between the Kali and Dhansri, in Nep Sikkim, and Bhutan, the ordinary population co sists of the following : 1. Cis-Himalayan Bhotia or Tibetans, called Rongb Siena or Kath Bbotia; Palu-Sen.
2. Serpa. 3. Gurung. 4. Magar. 5. llurmi.
6. Newar. 7. Kiranti. 8. Limbu or Yak-thuml 9. Lepcha or Deunjong Maro.
10. Bhutanese, or Lhopa, or Dukpa, or Brukpa.
Gurkha, Gurung, 11Iagar.In Nepal, in the w( are the Gurung and Magar tribes, short, with fe tures of an extreme Mongolian type, full of mart ardour and energy. They are famed as the Gurk soldiers. They have considerable intellectual abilil The Newer of the valley of Nepal are the cul eating peasantry, have Tibetan features, with fair and ruddy complexion. The language of t Magar, Gurung, and Neivar is chiefly Tibeta Farther east are the Keranti, Murmi, and ()the' Some mixed races are found to the south of ea chain, as the Lahuli and Kanawari in the we: and the Gurkha and Bhutani in the east.
IV. Konen Lun.
1 i igh est villages,9, 400 feet,1 1 Ugliest pasture Highest summer grounds, . 13,000 feet.
villages, . 10,200 V. Andes. Highest Towns and Villages. Authorities : Burkart ; /fumboldt ; Pentland ; Wislizenus.
Cerro de Turelle, . 10,641 feet (II.
Pasco, 14,098 feet(If. Cebolullullo,8,890 (P.
Potosi, . 13,665 (ff.) Zacatecas, 8,051 (B.
Cuzco,. . 11,380 (P. Mexico, . 7,469 (If.
Sanatory stations and convalescent depots for British troops have been formed on spurs from the Himalayas, as well as on other of the hill ranges of British India, as on Mount Abu, 3falma huleshwar, Ramamnallay, the Neilgherries. In 1877 the mortality at the hill stations was only 6.40 per 1000 ; in Bengal proper, 9.11 ; in Meerut and Rohilkhand, 10.16; in the Panjab, Gan getic provinces, 13.24; Agra and Central India, 11.36.
Almorah in Kamaon, . . . . 5300-5500 feet.
Chinee, on the Sutlej, 150 miles from Simla, 9096 Dalhousie, on the Chamba Hills, . . 5700 I kirjiling, ..... . . 7218 Dharmsala or Bhagsu, Kangra Hills, . 6000-6000 Dugshai, 16 miles S. of Simla, . . 5000-6000 Kussowlee, 45 miles from Ambala, . . 6400 Landour adjoining Mussoori, . . 7300-7572 Murree, in the Hazara Hills, . . . 8000 Mussoori near Landour, . . . l'Caini Tal, in Kamaon, 22 miles S.W.
of Almora, . . . . . 6409-7400 Simla, 77 miles from Ambala, and 22 miles N.B. of Subathu, . . 6500-8000 Subathu, 9 miles from Kussowlee, . . 4000 Languages.In the Himalaya, according to Mr. Aitcheson, the various dialects are mixed together in great confusion. On the northern Assam frontier are found, in the following order from E. to W., the Aka, Abor, Dafla, Miri, and 3fishmi ; next to these is Bhutia, which carries us as far E. as the Tista ; Sikkim, or the country between the Tista and the Singhalcela range, contains the Lepcha and Limbu dialects. The Sikkim Terai gives us the Dhimal, Bodo or Mechi, and Koch'h, which latter 'Also occupy the plains of Koch-Bahar, and the northern parts of Runjpur, Dinajpur, and Pur .niah. In Nepal, according to Mr. Hodgson and Dr. Campbell's researches, we find a perfect maze of dialects. Beginning from the Singhaleela range, we find Liman or Kiranta, which goes W. as far the Dudkusi river, in long. 86 44'. Sher ill found the Gurung in the higher parts of '''inghaleela, closely connected with whom are the Ifunni. Along the lower hills are the Magar, ho extend to the W. as far as Palpa. Some where about here we should apparently place the minim, Chepang, Hayu or Vayu, and Kusunda. In Central Nepal are the Newar, Pahri, and Brahma, a dialect of Magar, also the Darahi or Danwar, and Paksya. The Tharu live in the Terai between Chumpanun and the Khat manila valley, as far W. as the river Gandak. 'These last four are classed among Indo-Germanic languages. The rest are Turanian, with more or less infusion of Hindi. The Parbatia or Paharia, a dialect of Hindi, is spoken all over Nepal, and is the court language. West of this again comes the Palpa, then the Thaksya, Sunwar, and Sarpa, dialects of Kamaon and Garhwal, which carry Us on to the Milchan of Kanawar, the Hundesi, Tibarskad north of it. West of this conic the Dogra dialects of the Panjab hills.