HOT SPRINGS and sulphurous springs are numerous on the shores of the Dead Sea, and also in its basin, and in other parts of the Jordan valley. The hot springs of Callirboe were the favourite resort of Ilerod. There are others at Um Keis (Gadara), where are the ruins of baths ; and the hot springs of Tiberias have been famous ever since the time of Joshua (p.c. 1426), when they gave name to the place. Most of these are strongly mineral. The hot water of Elisha's Fountain is sweet.
The hot springs of Bosher and Ghullas in Oman are inland from Matra, situated at the foot of rocks. Their temperature ranges from 83° to 112°.
Hot springs occur also at Maculla in Arabia, likewise miles inland from Muscat.
In Shoa, hot springs occur at the village of Gossamee in Morabeitee ; at Kowut, in the pro vince of Gidem ; at Korafi, about 10 miles b.E. of Alioamba ; at Makfood, in the bed of the Jowahah river ; at Metak, about 3 miles S. of Ankober ; at Finfinni, in the Germania plain ; in the bed of the river Kassam, in the district of Aden, and in the neighbourhood of the extinct volcano of Fontali.
Hot springs occur at Jumnotri, Gungootri, Ke damath, and Badrinath, in Garliwal ; also near Nutpa, Bukti, and Jauri, in the valley of Sutlej (Gerard), opposite Soni banks of Sutlej (Prinsep). Hot spring at Silol, Kangra (G. T. Survey). Kulat in Kullu (Gerard). .Munnikarn, in Kullu, and a hot spring farther up the Parbati. Mr. Edgeworth informs us that the water where it issues from its source is of the temperature of 207° Fahr. It is therefore one of the hottest known springs. Some of the hottest of these are the Geysers 180°, Surajktind 190°, the Petersquelle in the Caucasus 195°, spring on Paluk river 196°, and what Hum boldt discovered and describes as the hottest spring in the world, Guanaxuata in Mexico, 207°. The boiling point of water at the elevation of Munnikarn is much below that point. Rice is cooked in the spring at Jumnotri 194°, at about 11,000 feet above the sea, and in many others of inferior temperature. Munnikarn is on the right bank of the Parbati (or Parub) river. There is a large village here, and high mountains covered with snow environ the place. There are several hot springs, three or four of which boil furiously. The latter issue out of rocks near the edge of the river, and dense steam rises out of them in con siderable volumes, heating the air all round, absolutely darkening the path for a few pints, and the heat is very distressing. All the inhabit ants of Munnikarn cook their food in these boiling springs, and wood is never used by them for culinary purposes.
In lAdakii many hot springs occur, but the best known are those of Nubra, Puga,and Chushul; the two first have clear water, and a temperature of 167°, with beds of soda below the springs. Those at Puga occur in the bed of a rivulet, where they bubble out at temperatures from 80° to 140°. The hottest contain chloride of sodium
and sulphuretted hydrogen in solution ; and those of low temperature chloride and borate of sodium.
The hot spring of Chnshul has a temperature of 96°, without taste or smell, but is said to have medicinal properties.
A hot spring occurs at Behitsil in the Basha valley in Little Tibet, from which a deposit of sulphur' occurs. Two hot springs, sulphureous and chalybeate, also occur near the village of Duchin, in Little Tibet. The temperature of one visited by Mr. Vigne was 154° Fahr, One occurs 12 miles east of Rajawur, the temperature about 140°. It is sulphureous, and deposits sulphur in its course.
Between U. and Tsang, in Tibet, are some hot springs, which are also numerous in the mountains lying east of the Ma-p'ham lake, and at one place hot water is thrown twelve feet high. Hot springs issue from the flats near a stream at Chung-leng, 16,170 feet above the sea, the temperature to The hot springs of India are resorted to by the people for the cure of lingering ailments.
The hot spring at Ab-i-Garm at Chitral, in Afghanistan, is also called Talab-i-Nil, also Chattiboi. Lower range of Suliman mountains.
In Baluchistan a hot spring occurs at Basman, in the Kohistan of Baluchistan, 44 miles N.W. of Banpur. Lieutenant Pottinger halted at Basman, and found the hot well upwards of twelve yards in circumference, and two or three feet in depth ; in the centre of it was a circular pipe built of red burnt brick, about eight inches in diameter, and within as many of being level with the water, which boiled out of it as thick as a man's thigh, with considerable violence, and at noon so heated that he could not venture to put his hand into the ebullition. One side of the well had been gradu ally worn away by the incessant gushing of water over it, and thence a limpid brook flows past the village, and suffices the husbandmen for the irrigation of their grounds. He bathed in this stream, about five yards from its source, and found the water pleasantly tepid, with a strong sulphureous smell and taste, which unfit it for culinary purposes ; but the Baluchi regard it as aperient in its effects, and an excellent specific in cutaneous disorders.
Pir Muggen, Alligator Tank, is 13 miles from Kurachee (Carless). Juggen and Deyrah, N. Sind (Kirk). Springs at the base of the Halla mountains, Sind (A, Young).
The following means of temperature of the hot springs at Fir Mangal, or Munga, or Mungear, were taken in September 1844 by Major Baker and Lieutenant Maclagan : 1st spring, 4th Sept., 11.30 a.m., Water, 119° Air, 89'25° 4.45 P.M., 118 '29 86 9.5 P.M., 117 86 ), 5th Sept., 5.45 A.M. 119 78 9.5 A.m., 119 83PI 21 spring, 4th Sept., 11.45 A.M., 127'5 91