JALALPUR, an agricultural village, in lat. 32° 39' 30" N., and long. 73° 27' E., close to the right bank of the Jhelum river. The village has been identified by General Cunningham with the site of the ancient Bucephala, built by the Great in memory of his charger, which was killed in the battle with Porus at the crossing of the Jhelum. Amusing Porus by marching and counter-marching his troops along the banks of the river, as if searching for a ford, on the arrival of the boats, he passed the river at Jalal pur, 114 miles from Attack, where it is, in the rainy season, upwards of a mile broad and never fordable. In the battle which ensued, Porus was defeated and taken prisoner. It was at this part of the Hydaspes, on its right or western bank, that the conqueror, in conunemoration of this event, built the cities of Nicrea and Bucephala. Remains of ancient walls still crown the summit of the hills, which rise to a height of 1000 feet above the village. Coins found among the ruins date back to the period of the Grreco-Bactrian kings. Even in the time of Akbar the town covered a site four times as large as that which it now occupies; but since the foundation of Pind Dadan Khan, and the shifting of the river channel two miles eastward, it has undergone a constant decay.—Imp. Getz.
JALAL-ud-DIN, son and successor of Sultan Muhammad, king of Kharasm. On the advance of the hosts of Chengiz Khan, he defended his country gallantly to the last. He gained a victory near Kandahar, and another still farther to the east, but these successes did not even retard his ruin. His last battle was near Bannu, in A.D. 1221, on the Indus, where, after display ing the most obstinate valour, and witnessing the total destruction of his army, he swain the river with seven followers amidst a shower of arrows from his enemies, whom he left in admiration of his intrepidity. In the course of the night and next day, he was joined by 120 of his soldiers, and before many days had passed he had assembled 4000 horse ; but on the Moghuls threatening to cross the Indus, he fled towards Delili, and applied to Altamsh for aid or an asylum. To this he received only a courteous answer ; and, after a chequered career, finding the Moghuls withdrawn from Persia, he re-established his power in that country, opposed them with vigour iu a new invasion, but was killed at last, in A.D. 1231, in Mesopotamia, ten years after his passage of the Indus.—Elph. p. 821.
JALAL-ud-DIN, one of the most celebrated of the Persian Sufi poets. He was a descendant of Abubakr, the khalif who succeeded Mahorned, and was born at Balkh about the beginning of the 13th century A.D. He finally settled at
(Iconium), where lie died A.D. 1273. He was a Sufi, a pupil of Shains-i-Tabriz, and instituted the Maulani sect of darvesh. Ile is usually honoured with the appellation Mauliina, i.e. my lord. His poem, Masnavi, is in Persian, and consists of six books. lie introduced the flute as a musical instru ment in public worship. Gliulam Kailas Ghilani, 50 years before, had introduced the tambourine. Jalal defended the innovation by saying that the Romans might be converted by the aid of sweet sounds. The Maulani darvesh are excellent flute players. His Masnavi, or rhyming couplets,' as the mane signifies, is a complete exposition of Sufi doctrines, illustrated with numberless tales, apologues, and scraps of history. It is more highly esteemed by the Shiah sect than perhaps any other work. The complete work consists of six books, containing 26,660 couplets, to which some authorities add a doubtful seventh book, to make up the number of the seven planets,' the 'seven zones,' and the 'seven heavens.' It is very unequal in merit,—grand and noble thoughts, exquisite language and imagery, and apposite illustrations being mixed up with much that is dull, commonplace, and stupid. The poem opens with some lines in praise of the reed-flute, Jalal ud-Din having sanctioned the introduction of music and song as an accompaniment to the religious exercises of his followers. The reed is made to sigh for its separation from its home amid the rushes by the river-side, and the plaintive notes which it utters are said to be in unison with absent lovers' passionate moods because of this inherent sympathy. The Masnavi has been translated by Mr. J. W. Redhouse. It not only contains a full exposition of the tenets of that mystical creed which has preserved alive the ancient Aryan religious philosophy down to the present day under the guise of a Muslim esoteric doctrine, but it is a perfect mine of old-world stories, traditions, and striking sayings. The whole of the folk-lore of ancient Persia is, as it were, poured out into these pages, the tales and legends being used as pegs upon which to hang moral reflections, or brought in to illustrate some mystic dogma. He early adopted a life of literary and religious retirement, and founded a darvesh order and college at Iconium. Ills followers were called after him Mauliviyeli, and are the same as those known to European travellers as the Dancing Darveshes, from the symbolical dance, or rather waltz, with which they commence their services.