JETWA, Gumli or Bhumli, in Kattyawar, is the Abpura Hill, the old seat of the Jetwa. Murvi is an old Jetwa capital. The rana o Porbandar, styled Puncheria, represents the Jetwa, one of the four ancient Rajput races still extant in the Kattyawar peninsula. In the days of Mahmud, all the west and north of Kattyawar belonged to the: Jetwa Rajputs, but the forays of the Jhala and Jhareja have confined them to their present district, the shaggy range of hills called Burda. The Jhala of Kattyawar, who own the raj of Hulwud Diangdra as their chief, are supposed to have sprung from an offshoot of Anhilwara, on the extinction of which dynasty they obtained large territorial aggrandizement. Tho thakur of Murvi in Kattyawar is a Jhareja, and was the first in Colonel Walker's time to abandon infanti cide. He has possessions in Cutch. See India ; Kattyawar ; Rajput.
JEU, according to the Gnostics, was Adam, the primal man.
JEW, a broken nation dispersed throughout the world. In Muhammadan countries Jews are known as Ya-hud or Yahudi, but in India this term is regarded alike by themselves and those who amply it as derocatorv. On the Bombay coast they style themselves Ban-i-Israel ; but this name is used by the Afghan for themselves, as also for Muhammadans and Christians who, as possessors of revealed religions, are regarded as children of Israel. Though Jews were Israelites, yet the Israelites were not Jews. The word Jew (Judmus) is really Judman, and dates only from the return from Babylon, when the tribe of Judah became the head representative of the nation. The Samaritans always call themselves the children of Joseph, and the Jews Yehudhim or Judathites. While in Egypt they fell into a servile condition. Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, and the law was delivered on Sinai B.C. 1320. They reached Palestine, but from that time to A.D. 50 they were repeatedly conquered. During the government of the judges they were six times captives, viz. under the king of Meso potamia for eight years ; under Eglon, king of Moab ; under the Philistines ; under Jabin, king of Hazer, when Deborah and Barak delivered them ; fifthly, under the Midianites, from whom Gideon delivered them ; then under the Ammon ites and the Philistines.
In A. m. 3264 or B.C. 740, Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, took several of their cities, and made many captives,-chiefly from the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
In A.151. 3282, B.c. 720, Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, transplanted the tribes which Tiglath Pileser had spared, to the provinces beyond the river Euphrates, and it is supposed that the ten tribes never returned from this dispersion.
As to the captivity of Judah, Sbishak, king of Egypt, about B.C. 960, sacked Jerusalem. Also Jerusalem was thrice taken by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon,—first in the reign of Jehoiakim, about s.c. 606 ; again in the reign of his son Jeconias, about B.C. 598; thirdly, in the reign of Zedekiah, about B.C. 587, when Nebuchadnezzar carried them to Babylon, where they remained 70 years ; when they returned and continued to be a people (though part of the time under the Roman Government), until the time of the Emperor Vespasian, whose son Titus entirely destroyed Jerusalem, about 50 years after the crucifixion of Christ, since which time they have never recovered from their dispersion.
Josephus, who is considered to have written his work on the ancient history of the Jews about the year 93 of the Christian era, says, in his eleventh book, with reference to the return from captivity of those who came back with Ezra, The entire body of the people of Israel remained in that country, wherefore there are but two tribes in Asia and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, not to be estim ated by numbers.' To the same effect, St. Jerome, in the fifth century, in his notes upon Hosea, says, Unto this day the ten tribes are subject to the king of the Parthians, nor has their captivity ever been loosed.' Jews have a principality at Khaibar in the Hejaz, with a population of about 50,000. They are said to be descendants of the Trans-Jordan tribes of Gad, Reuben, and Manasseh, and said to be brave. In manners and appearance they do not differ from other Arabs, but are held in great disesteem. Khaibar was captured by Mahomed A.D. 628, A.H. 7. Throughout Persia, Bokhara, and Afghanistan they occupy themselves in petty traffic, and as bankers and spirit distillers; and in the Bombay Presidency they find employment in the subordinate offices of Government, and in the native army. Numbers of black Jews inhabit the interior of Cochin, principally in the towns of Trittur, Parur, Chenotta, and Maleb. The copper grant from the ruler, in their possession, bears a date equal to A.D. 388. They have their place of worship close to the Kotarum or palace of the maharaja at Muttuncherry, at the commence ment of what is called Jews' town, the streets of which run south half a mile, the upper part occupied by the white Jews, the lower by the black Jews.