JOHORE, formerly the chief city of the empire of that name, and residence of the sultan, is situated about 20 miles up the river so called. The town was founded iu A.D. 1511 or 1512 by Sultan Muhammad Shah it. of Malacca, who, after his ex pulsion from that place by the Portuguese, fled to the river of Johore. From that time the town of Johore has been the capital of the empire which took the name of the empire of Johore instead of that of Malacca, and up to 1810 there had suc ceeded 14 princes. Johore is the residence of a panghulu, who is appointed both by the sultan of Johore and by the tumungong of Singapore. It is the received opinion that Johore derived its population from Menangkabau. The Menangkabau race are a purely agricultural, mining, and inland trading people, and consequently when they began to emigrate to the Peninsula their proceedings were precisely the reverse of those of the Singa pore colonist, and indeed of all other Malays. They passed through the maritime districts, and sought valleys amongst the mountains of the in terior. This fallen empire is nominally bounded by the Cassang river on the W. coast, and by
Kemaman on the E. coast, in lat. 1° 15' N. The sultan of Johore's present possessions on the Peninsula are subdivided into several petty states, —first, that of Muar, extending from the Malacca territory to Parrit giput, including a large river of the same name, and an inland district called Segamet. This is under the immediate rule of the tumungong of Muar, a chief residing at Pan calang Kotah, on the river. Johore river is more than half a mile wide, with to 12 fathoms water. .The Jobore Archipelago is formed by the prolongation of the plutonic zone of elevation of the Malay Peninsula from Singapore to Billiton. The islands, with the exception of a few of the most southerly, formed the insular part of the kingdom of Johore from the 13th century till the occupation, in 1820, of Singapore. Several tribes in various stages of civilisation still possess the Johore I. A., August 1848, p. 518 ; Oliphant ; Newbold, ii. p. 41.