From Kashmir eastwards, all the easily access ible portions of the Himalaya are occupied by Aryan Hindus, as far as the eastern border of Kawaon and the Kali river separating Kamaon from Nepal,—the Tibetans being here confined to the valleys about and beyond the snow. People of Tibetan blood have Migrated into Nepal, throughout its whole length, and have formed mixed tribes whose appearance and language is more Tibetan than Indian, but whose religion and manners are Hindu. East of Nepal, in Sikkim and Bhutan, the Hindu element almost disappears, and the Tibetans are altogether dominant.
The hills westward from Kashmir to the Indus are inhabited by Kukka and Bumba, but towards the river itself the Yusufzai and other Afghan tribes prevail ; while there are many secluded valleys peopled by the widely-spread Gujar, whose history has yet to be ascertained, and who are the vassals of Arabian gilds, or of Afghan and Turkoman lords.
In the hills south of Kashmir, and west of the Jhelum to Attock and Kalabagh on the Indus, . are found Gakkar, Gujar, Khatir, Awan, Janjuh, and others, all of whom may be considered to have, from time to time, merged into tho Hindu stock in language and feelings. Of these, some, as thojab, and especially the Gakkar, have a local reputation.
Eastward of Kashmir are the Bhot race in Haiti and Ladakh. Balti includes Hasora, Itongdo, Rong-yul, Shaw, Iskardo, Bulti, Pay kuta, Tolti, Khartaksho, Kiris, Khaybalu, and Chorbat. Ladakh, inhabited by the Bhot-pa, in cludes Spiti, Zauskar, Purik, Sum, Umbel° (Dras), Ladakh proper or Leh, Nubra, Hong, Itupshu, and Hanle. Garhwal Is to a large extent Mot. The language of the Bhutiahs of Tibet is also that of Bhutan, and is a connecting link between the polysyllabic and monosyllabic tongues.
In the valley of the Upper Indus, that is in Ladakh and Little Tibet, the prevailing race is the Mot subdivision of the great Tartar variety of the human race. Lower down that classical stream, in Gilgit and Chulas, the remains of the old and secluded Dardu and Dungher races are still to be found; but both in Iskardo and in Gilgit itself there is some mixture of Turkoman tribes from the wilds of Pamir and Kashgar. Generally it may be observed that on the north, the Afghan on one side, and the Turkoman on the other, are gradually pressing upon the old but less energetic Dardu. The best and most
recent notice of the tribes is the following, given by Mr. Drew in his Northern Barrier.
Dogra.—The maharaja of ]Cashmir is a Dogra. The Dogra or Dugar race dwell chiefly among the hills surrounding Jamu, 1200 feet above the sea. They are not met with in approaching Kashmir from the Panjab, and extend for about 150 miles, from the river Ravi on the east to the Jhelum on the west, and about 14 miles in depth, from the Daman-i-Koh or skirt of the mountain. The other inhabitants are the Hindu Pahari, the Muhammadan Chibhali, Kashmiri, and Bard, and the Buddhist of Balti, Ladakh, and Champa. The Dogra castes are Brahman, Mian Rajput, Working Rajput, Khatri, Thakur, Jat, Banya, and Karar, small shopkeepers, Nai or barber, Juir or carriers, the Dhiyar, the Megh, and the Dom.
The Rajputs are the ruling race, average about 5 feet 4 inches or 5 feet 5 inches, of slim make, with high shoulders, curiously bow-legged, with turn-in toes ; they are not muscular, but are active and untiring. They are of a light-brown colour, small features, nose generally hooked. Their character is simple and childlike, tractable, hut very particular ill caste observances, avaricious, and close-fisted. The Mian Rajput in particular is overbearing, proud, and conceited, and become spoiled by advancement. They do not learn any trade, and to put their hand to the plough would be deemed a disgrace, so they employ others to cultivate their bits of land. They take to military service, and are expert swordsmen. Many of the Working Rajputs also folio* arms as a'profession, but they have a low social status. The Rajput clans are Chib, Jaral, Pal, etc.
The Brahmans are numerous as cultivators ; they are in all employments.
The Kashmiri are false-tongued, ready with a lie, and given to deceit ; they are noisy and quarrelsome, ready to wrangle, but not to fight ; on the least exercise or threat of force they cry like children, They arc talkative, cheerful, and ' humorous.
The Aullaininadan allanji or boatmen are numerous; they are greedy and cowardly, but have good spirits, an active Imagination, are energetic and versatile.
The 1Vattal of Kashmir are a gypsy tribe which supplies dancing girls and prostitutes ; the women are among the handsomest of the valley.