The Gillman of Kashmir are horse-grazers.
The Bamba dwell along with the Kukka in the rugged hill frontier beyond the Jhelum. They are of Brahmanical origin, but profess Muham madanism. And, on the eastern side of the Jhelm, the hills are shared by other races, and by a numerous body of Sikhs, converts from Brahmans prior to the Sikh religion becoming a political power. They are useful soldiers and servants.
The Khatri are the higher class of traders.
The Thakur of Jamu are the chief cultivating class. They correspond in their avocations to the Jat of the Panjab, though not related; they are a well-made race, of larger frame than the Rajputs. • The Banya, Karar, and Nai or barber pursue their usual avocations ; the Juir are water-carriers, like the Kahar race of the KW. Provinces.
. The Dom and Megh are numerous in Jamu, and are employed as sweepers, brickmakers, and charcoal burners. They are small limbed, short in stature, and of a dark colour.
The Chibhali, people of Chibhal, the region lying between the Chenab and Jhelum rivers, are converted Dogra. The Chibh tribe lying south of Kashmir have been but little reclaimed from barbarism.
The Jai is numerous in Chibhal, and is Muham madanized.
The Sudan take a high place among the Muhammadan, and with others have the title of Sahu.
The Gakkar are numerous on the right bank of the Jhelum. Those of Rawal Pindi compose the gentry of the hill country in that neighbourhood.
The Pahari are a strong, hardy, and active race, of good, powerful frame ; they have a straight forehead, good brow, with a nose markedly hooked. Their dress consists of a long or short coat, fastened by a kamrband or waistband ; trousers (paijama) loose to the knee. fitting close to the leg below. The Dom and Megh are mixed among them. Many different dialects are current in the region occupied by the Pahari.
The Gadd/ race in Jatnu resemble the Paliari in physical form. Their head-dress is a hat of peculiar form.
The Bata/ of Kashmir do all the dirtiest work, remove and skin dead cattle, and make leather. The better circumstanced follow Muhammadans in their rules as to food ; the poorer eat carrion, are musicians, and the dancing girls of Srinuggur are of the Batal race.
The Da•i are mostly Muhammadan, but some of them between Iskardo and Leh are Buddhist, and are very dirty people. At Ronde, the Dard and Balti are nearly equal, but at Dras the Dard preponderate. The Bhot designate the Dard Brok pa. Dard are a bold and independent race • they resist oppression; though not caring much for human life, they are not bloodthirsty. They dress in woollen garments. They have several races or tribes, the Ronu, Shin, Yashkun. Kremin, and Dom. The Dom are musicians, like the Dom of the N.W. Provinces, the Mirasi of the Panjab, the Bem of Ladakh, and Baal of Kash mir. The Kremin are carriers, potters, millers. The Yashkun are agricultural. The Shin occur mixed with the Yashkun along the Indus valley ; they hold the cow in abhorrence, they do not use cow's milk, nor make or eat butter from it. They will not use cow-dung for fuel ; they keep cattle for ploughing, but have as little as possible to do with them.
Ladakh is occupied by the Ladakhi or Bhot-pa and the Cham-pa. The Ladakhi has the features of the Mongoloid races ; the outer corners of their eyes are drawn out, and the upper eyelids are hung by a fold of the skin above, the nose seems pressed into the face ; the mouth large and inex pressive. The men average 5 feet 2 inches, and the women 4 feet 91 inches. They are an ugly race ; they are cheerful, willing, and good tempered, but simple and clumsy, slow, inapt, and truthful. The choga and a cap and boots and gaiters are the sole articles of men's apparel; the women wear a gown. They are Buddhists.
Benz is the name of the servile races of Ladakh.
Champa are nomades, and inhabit the higher country. They are found in the valley of the Indus above the villages, and in the plains or fiat bottomed valleys of Rupshu, and a few outlying places. In personal appearance and dress they do not differ from the Ladakhi. They are a cheer ful, hardy race. They live in tents, occupying a spot for a month or two, and move to fresh pastures.