KIIAJA APPAK. The rulers of Eastern Turkestan have always been Muhammadan front the time of Taghalaq Timur, who was, we arc told, the first Muhammadan sovereign of Kashgar of the lineage of Chengiz. Buddhism indeed was found still prevalent in the cities of Tur fan and Kamil at the time of the embassy of Shalt Ifukh in 1419, and probably did not become extinct much before the end of the century. But, in the western states, Muhammadanism seems to have been universal from an earlier date,and maintained with fanatical zeal Saintly teachers and workers of miracles, claiming descent from Mahomed, and known as Khaja or Khoja, acquired great influence, and the secretaries attached to the chiefs of these divided the people into rival factions, whose mutual hostility eventually led to the sub: jugation of the whole country. For, lath in the seventeenth century, Khaja Appals, the leader of one of those parties called the White Mountain (having been expelled from Kashgar by Ismail Khan, the chief of that state, who was a zealous supporter of the opposite party or Black Moun tain), sought the aid of Galdan Khan, sovereign of the Eleuth or Kalmuk of Zangaria. Taking
the occasion so . afforded, that chief in 1678 in vaded the states south of the Tian Shan, carried off the Khan of Kashgar and his family, and estab lished the Khaja of the White Mountain over the country in authority subordinate to his own. Great discords for many years succeeded, some times one, sometimes another, being uppermost, but sonic supremacy always continuing to be exercised by the khans of Zangaria. In 1757 the latter country was conquered by the Chinese, who, in the following year, making a tool of the White party, which was then in opposition, succeeded in bringing the states of Turk estan also under their rule.—ntle, Cathay, ii. p. 337.