Gujar are found in the frontier districts of the Peshawur diviaion, and amongst the independent tribes. They profess Muhammadanism, are culti vators and rear cattle. They are a fine healthy race, quiet, industrious, and frugal. They are of Jet descent, but are now subdivide'd into clans and khel like the Afghans. They are very numer ous, and form the entire population of many villages. They are not owners of the lands beyond British limits, but lease from the Pathan proprietors.
The Banthar tribe of Ilazara inhabit the range of mountains behind Paragon, N.E. of the Jadun. They are a portion of the Bambar tribe of Muzaf farabad. They have no sympathies with any other Hazara tribes.
Mashwani are a tribe of Syuds in the Hazara district in the N. portion of the Gangdar range, also about 400 families in the Koh-Daman of Kabul. They are of fine physique, manly, brave, and truthful. They are largo carriers.
The Utmanzai inhabiting the Torbela and Khalsa tracts of Hazara are a branch of the Utmanzai of Yusufzai. The population of Khalsa is 8567 souls, and of Torbela 7088.
The Jadun or Gadun is a Pathan tribe partly on the slopes of the Mahaban mountain, partly in the Hazara district, and in part Trans-Indus. They are surrounded by tribes of Yusufzai origin. Their country is called Gaduna. They have two divisions, —Salar and Mansur. They claim to have 12,000 fighting men, but may have a sixth part of that number, and these are badly armed. The British have several times blockaded them in their valleys.
Dalzak is a tribe of Afghan descent, part of them inhabiting a portion of the country on the right bank of the Indus, but are chiefly on the left bank in Hazara.
The Dhund is a very handsome race, inhabiting the Boi tract of Hazara, especially between the Jhelum and the main numbering 18,518 souls, living in villages on plateaux about 1000 feet above the river. They are improvident, lack energy, and have been badly affected towards the British.
The Tanawal district on the Hazara border is the most wild, mountainous, and rugged part of Hazara, and is armed and warlike peasants. It is divided by the river Siran into an eastern and a western part. The Palal are British subjects, and the Hindwal are in an independent principality,- and occupy an actual area of about 720 square miles in the Doaba of the Indus and Shan, with a revenue of Rs. 28,000. Bahingra,
ruggd, steep mountain, is in independent Tanawal. The Pakli plain in the Ilazara district is occupied by the Swati, Awan, Syuds, and Tanaoli.
The Kalil are a poor, humble tribe, 16,615 in number, dwelling in the Nara tract of the Hazara district and in the Jadun tract. Some of their villages on the spur of a ridge in Hazara are 5000 feet above the sea. They are agriculturists. They are of Hindu orinin, converts to Muhammadanism.
The Awan are themost numerous and the best of these frontier tribes, and there is no better people in India. They are settled in largo agri cultural communities on the Chach plain, on the eastern side of the Indus, and in smaller bodies farther east, on the Jhelum, Gujerat, and Sealkot districts. They are scattered in Yusufzai and the Kohat district, as well as in liazam and other district& on the left bank of the Indus. In Yusuf zai they are said to number 3000 souls. They have enlisted in the Panjab force and in the regular infantry. They are good soldiers. The Awan of the lower lands, and Dhund, etc., of the higher lands, have democratic village institutions.
Gakkar, Ghakar, or Kakar, a tribe inhabiting portions of the Hazam, Jhelum, and Rawal Pindi districts of the Panjab. They claim to have come into their present position from, Seistan with Mahmud of Ghazni ; but they are one of the oldest and most powerful of the Ilindu dynasties of the Panjab. They opposed Mahmud on the plains of Peshawur, but they seem soon afterwards to have adopted Muhaniniadanism, and their eountry was a jaghir to them from the times of the first emperor of Dehli, for which they paid the annual tribute of a horse, and rendered military service at first to Dehli, afterwards to Kabul, and subse quently to the Sikhs. About 1783 they suffered from a severe famine.
In 1847, when the British came into contact with the Hazara, they took the British side ; they aided in the siege of Multan, and again sided with the British in the mutiny of 1857. Their chiefs have borne the titles of Sultan, Mirza, and Raja. The Gakkar are not distinguishable from the Awan in personal appearance, both being very large, fine men, but not very fair.