The sulphuretted spring at Chaunch is prettily situated, not far from the Pachete Hills. But ' there is a much more abundant and hotter one, called Tanloie, on the banks of the Damuda, two or three miles off. Those at Bum Buklesir, about fifteen miles from Mungulpur and Suri, are more powerful and abundant. The hot spring at Lakarakunda is not far off, and there is said to be another near at Kisshun. The elevation of all of them may be about 300 feet above the sea-level.
Bum Buklesir is a pretty spot situated in a well-cultivated country. It is one mile from the large town of Tantipara, on the banks of a small nullalt called the Buklesir. There are five or six hot springs, the whole group called Bum Buklesir. The hot wells that have been surrounded with masonry walls are immediately on the north or right bank of the Initial'. There are numerous hot springs in the bed of the nullah, only to be seen in the dry season, giving out sulphuretted hydrogen, with which the air is tainted. Near the hot springs there are several cold ones, all flowing from a tough gneiss rock. The hot and cold springs are only separated by a few feet from each other. The body of water ejected from the hottest well is about 120 cubit feet per minute ; it runs from innumerable small orifices in an accumulation of mud, the rock being nowhere visible within the masonry of the tank. In the hottest water, 162°, a green shining confervi thrives. Another spring is 128°, and the coolest Some 300 or 400 feet from the bank of the river, among the dilapidated temples, there is a large tank which is supplied by two springs, one hot and the other cold ; so that at one end the water is warm, at the other cold, and in the centre tepid. The stream of the nullah is about 50 yards across, with a brisk current, and it retains its heat below the springs for a considerable distance ; its temperature was in the month of December, when the temperature of the air was in the shade 77°. The sand of the stream some little way from the spring, and at the depth of six inches, is intolerably hot to the baud. Extending for about 200 yards along the right bank of the stream, are 320 small brick and mortar vihara or temples, built by various pilgrims, each containing a lingam emblem of Siva Mahadeo. Numerous attendant Brahmans loiter ' about the temples, engaged in bathing in the hot stream, or watching the cremation of dead bodies, which is constantly being carried on.
The Punjab mineral springs are either in the hills or in submontane districts. There are hot
springs, also saline and sulphurous waters, and in limestone districts petrifying streams are not uncommon. Kangra district has four mineral waters,—at Kohalla, Beshisht Kooloo, Munnikarn Kooloo, and the Jowallaji, Amte, and Bassa springs, also at Boltun. ' The higher portion of the Jalandhar is a tract abounding in mineral wells of all descriptions, where the icy stream of the Parbati, close to the boiling fountain of Munnikarn, which rises in a jet at an elevation of 5587 feet, could furnish Russian baths, if they were desired, and where the imme diate vicinity of a chalybeate is not to be for gotten ; where some are reported to contain iodine or bromine, and possess the advantage of an almost European climate. In this district, on the banks of the Beas, is Beshisht, at an elevation of 6681 feet, with an ample thermal sulphuretted source. Gerard says there are a few mineral springs impregnated with salt, iron, and alum, and at the famous wells of Zungsum, at the meeting of the Spiti and Parati rivers, four miles north of Shealkhur, inscriptions in the Tartar language on tablets of stone describe the particu 1 lar virtues of each spring.
The Jawala Mukln springs are situated all within a distance of about 30 miles near the base of the hills, on their south-westerly face, looking towards the Beas ; all contain chloride of sodium, common salt, and iodide of potassium in considerable quantity. In the Jawala Mukhi valley, naturally formed by an elbow of the Beas near Nadaun, the salt ioduretted springs are placed in the following order : — Koopera, Jawala (two springs), Jawala Mukhi, Nageah, and Kanga Bassa. All the water from these five springs, after having undergone 'slight concentration by being exposed only for a few hours to the open air, is purchased by the Banyas at one anna per seer, or exchanged for the same value in flour, etc. The livelihood of the natives living in the vicinity of these springs is chiefly earned by this trade. They are con vinced, and tell all who question them, that the water contains in efficacious principle which pro motes the cure of the goitre. The sulphuretted hydrogen spring at Danera is considered sacred by the natives, who resort to it for cure in goitre and other diseases. The spring is not a thermal one. A small wayside spring in the bills near Dalhousie has a strong chalybeate taste, and deposits the reddish precipitate indicative of iron. The temperature of Beshisht spring is Fahr., that of the principal spring at Munnikarn 202° Fahr.