Muhammadzai, . 19,604 Abdali 9,738 Yusufzai, . . . 98,977 Tarin, 5,812 . . . 5,547 Zaimusht, . . 1,335 Mulliagori, . . . 1,249 Kbetran, . . . 1,558 Mohmand, . . . 44,009 Urmar, . . . 3,737 Dandzai, . . . . 5,898 Sargam, . . . 3,940 Khalil, . . . . 13,595 Several of the independent tribes are barbarous savages. The Census Report of 1881 mentions that ' the true Pathan is perhaps the most bar baric of all the races with which we (the British) are brought into contact in the Panjab.' He is bloodthirsty, cruel, and vindictive in the highest degree ; he does not know what truth or faith is.
The border tribes within British territories are largely Pathans, similar in origin and in customs to the independent tribes occupying the mountains and valleys intervening between British and Afghan territory, many of the tribes, indeed, being partly independent, and in part under British rule. Afghan rulers have avoided interfering with these tribes, but they have become somewhat civilised since they have seen the British rule.
The Spud Muhammadans are descendants of Mahomed and of Ali. They are distributed through all the province. The Mog,hul are chiefly in Peshawur and Hazara. Yusufzai, Mohmand, 2 Khalil, and Mnhammadzai are almost entirely in the Peshawar district ; Kluttak are in Minna and Kohat ; 13angash are almost all in Kohat ; Waziri and Lubani are chiefly in Bunnu.
The lialuch in the Mahan division are said to have arrived in the Panjab about the 16th cen tury. They are strong-built men, with forbidding features, ignorant, rough, and boorish in manners, pugnacious and thieving. They breed camels, grazing them in the jungles of Gugaira near Lahore, selling them in Lahore and the N.W. Provinces. Camels' milk forms one of their chief articles of diet. In 1881, 51 of their tribes were represented in the Panjab, numbering 855,238 souls.
The Jat, Rajput, and allied castes number 6,275,291, as under— AL—There are 81 Jat clans, 26 of them num bering over 10,000 ; 16 over 20,000; 8 over 50,000; and 3 over 100,000.
Colonel Tod formed the opinion that many of the Jat and Rajput clans are alike of Getic origin ; and at the present day we find 31 clans in the Panjab over a million strong, classifying them selves indifferently under the two headings. The Jat race are conspicuous for their industry ; their well - fenced and well - worked fields are always distinguishable from the slovenly and ill cared-for lands of Gujars and Brahmans. The wife of the Jat works cheerfully in the field with him in every kind of agricultural labour.
13roken Tribes.—Dwelling amongst the settled races of the Panjab are nearly three millions of broken tribes, mostly non-Aryans, and whom the settled races deem unclean. Their avocations are scavengers, leather-workers, fowlers, etc. A few of them are regarded as wholly unclean ; others are homeless migrants, dwellers in tents, mostly predatory ; but all of them possess a kind of monotheism, mixed with shamanist and totem rites. Many of these remnants have adopted Islam ; some have taken the Sikh pahul ; others have adopted the new •Ram-dasi faith. Some inter their dead, while others cremate the remains. 2,012,000 are of Hindu origin; 173,000 follow the Sikh faith ; 492,000 are Muhammadans, and some are Buddhists.
Sikhs.—ThePanjab was the birthplace of the Sikh religion. The chiefs of this creed were dominant when the British fought the battles of .Moodkee, 18th December 1845 • Ferozeshah, 21st and 22d December 1845 ; Aliwal, 28th January 1816 ; Sobraon, 10th February 1846 ; Kussoor Fort taken, 11th February 1846 ; Lahore occupied, 20th February 1846 ; and the Panjab was annexed 30th March 1846.
Nanak, the founder of this faith, was born near Lahore in the latter half of the 15th century, and died at Dehra Nanak on the Ravi in 1539. He taught a form of monotheism, and was followed by other leaders, to whom the title of guru was conceded. A hymn composed by Nanak is recited among other parts of the ritual morning and even ing. It is repeated three times in the Granth. Its train of thought resembles the hymn by Milton, sung by Adam and Eve in Book v., Paradise Lost. Parts of it run— 'To thee sing th' angels who men's deeds record, And note and weigh their faith in thee Supreme ; To thee sing regions, orbs, and universe, Created, cherished, and upheld by thee ; To Thee sing those whose deeds delight the eye, The hosts that wear the colours of thy faith. All things beside which sing thy glorious name Could ne'er be told by Nanak's lowly song.' In 1675, Guru Govind, the tenth spiritual chief from Nanak, formed the Sikhs into a religious and military commonwealth. In the wars that occurred between them and the Moghuls, there were cruel barbarities on either side ; but the destruction of the Dehli empire, and the dissensions amongst the Mahratta leaders, allowed the rise of a Sikh leader, Ranjit Singh, from whose officers the country was conquered.