A. elegans, Kurz, Martaban.
A. Griffithiana, Munro, Khassya.
A. falcata, Nees, Himalaya.
A. Hookeriana, Munro, Sikkim.
A. intermedia, Munro, Sikkim.
A. Japonica, S. and Z., Japan.
A. Khassiana, Munro, Khassya.
A. racemosa, Munro, Sikkim.
A. sub-erecta, Munro, Himalaya.
A. Wightiana, Nees, Neilgherry. Thamnocalamus Falconeri, Hook., Nepal.
T. spathiflorus, Munro, Himalaya. Phyllostachys bambusoides, Sieb., Mishmi hills.
P. nigra, Munro, China, Japan. Bambusa affinis, Munro, Martaban.
B. arundinacea, Willde., mountains of Asia.
B. balcooa, Bengal.
B. Beeeheyana, Munro, China.
B. Brandisii, Munro, Chittagong, Burma.
B. Munro, Bengal, Assam.
B. ficxuosa, Munro, China.
B. gigantea, Wall., Burma.
B. Khassiana, Munro, Khassya.
B. marginata, Munro, Tenasserim.
B. nana, Boxb., China.
B. nutans, Wall., Nepal.
B. orientalis, Nees, S. India.
B. pallida, Munro, Bengal, Assam. B. polymorpha, Munro, Burma. B. regia, Thompson, Tenasserim. B. spinosa, Boxb. Bengal —? B. teres, Ham., Bengal, Assam. B. tulda, Roxb., Bengal, Burma. B. vulgaris, Werall., cultivated. Gigantochloa Andamanica, Kurz.
G. auriculata, Kurz.
G. heterostachya, Munro, Malacca. G. macrostachys, Kurz.
Oxytenanthera albociliata, Munro, Burma.
O. monostigma, Beddome, Animallay.
O. nigro-ciliata, Munro, Malabar, Burma.
O. Stocksii, Munro, Konkan.
O. Thwaitsii, Munro, W. Ghats.
Melocanna bambusoides, Trin., E. Bengal to Tenasserim. M. bumilis, Kurz, Arakan, Pegu.
M. Kurzii, Munro, Andamans. Centotheca lappacea, Desv., Coromandel.
Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro, Sikkim.
C. latifolium, Munro, Bhutan.
C. pallidum, Munro, Mishmi C. pergracile, Munro, Burma, Pegu. Pseudostachyum compactiflorum, Kurz, Martaban.
P. Helferi, Kurz, Burma.
P. polymorphum, Munro, Sikkim, Assam.
Beesha Rheedii, Kth., Pen. of India, Chittagong mts. B. stridula, Munro, Bombay, Ceylon.
B. Travancorica, Beddome, Travancore, Tinnevelly. Dendrocalamus criticus, Kurz, Pegu, D. flagellifer, Munro, Malacca.
D. giganteus, Munro, Tenasserim.
D. Harniltonii, Nees, Sikkim. D. Hookeri, Munro, Assam.
8 1). longiapathus, !Cur:, Burma.
1). membranaccus, Munro, Martabau. I). Parishii, Munro, I'anjab I). serlceus, Munro, Chutia Nainmr. 1). strictus, Nees, India, Burma.
Denochloa Andarnanica, Kum, Andamans.
I). Maclellandii, Kurz, Burma.
1). tjankorreh, Bueshae, Java, Philippines.
The structure of the grasses is among the most simple of the perfect forms of vegetation. A stein clothed with alternate leaves whose stalks are thin, and constituting as many sheaths to guard the young and rapidly growing shoots ; a few rudimentary leaves collected at the ends of the branches of inflorescence, and constituting flowers; a very small number of stamens, and seed en closed in a thin pericarp,—are all that nature pro vides to enable these plants to preserve their race. The floral leaves, called glumes, palete, and scales, offer a prodigious number of different appear ances, according to the manner in which they are combined or modified.
The distribution of the cultivated grasses is determined not alone by climate, but depends also on the civilisation, industry, and traffic of the people, and often on historical events. Within
the northern polar circle, agriculture is found only in a few places. In Siberia grain reaches at the utmost only to 60°, in the eastern parts scarcely above and in Kamtschatka there is no agricul ture even in the most southern parts (51°). The grains which extend farthest to the north in Europe are barley and oats. In the milder climates these are not used for bread, but they afford to the inhabitants of the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and a part of Siberia their chief vegetable nourishment. Rye is the prevail ing grain in the south of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, and in all the lands bordering on the Baltic, and the north of Germany. In the latter, another very nutritious grain, buckwheat, is very frequently cultivated. In the zone where rye prevails, wheat is generally to be found, barley being here chiefly cultivated for the brewing of beer, and oats supplying food for the horses. To these there follows a zone in Europe and Western Asia where rye disappears, and wheat almost exclusively furnishes bread. The middle and the south of France, England, part of Scot land, a part of Germany, Hungary, the Crimea, and Caucasus, also the lands of Central Asia, where agriculture is followed, belong to this zone. Here the vine is also found ; wine sup plants the use of beer, and barley is consequently less raised. Next comes a district where wheat still abounds, but no longer exclusively furnishes bread, rico and maize becoming frequent. To this zone belongs Portugal, Spain, part of France, on the Mediterranean, Italy and Greece ; further, the countries of the east, Persia, Northern India, Arabia, Egypt, Nubia, Barbary, and the Canary Islands ; in these latter countries, however, the culture of maize or rice towards the south is always more considerable, and in some of them several kinds of sorghum and Pon Abyssinica come to be added. In both these regions of heat, rye only occurs at a considerable elevation ; oats, however, more seldom, and at last entirely dis appear, barley affording food for horses and mules. Wheat is cultivated to great heights in the Himalaya, it being one of the chief crops up to 9500 feet on tho Chenab, and occurring to 1500 feet on the Sutlej, good to 11,500 feet, and grown to 13,000 feet in 1Julakli. Zee 'nays grows up to 7500 and 8000 feet on the Cheitab and Ravi ; Eleusino eoracana 14 frequent up to G000 and 7000 feet. Horde= is cultivated on the Sutlej to 13,500 feet and 15,000 feet, arid on the Chenab and in Ladakh and !about at 8000 and 14,500 feet. But even rice Is abundantly grown throughout the Siwalik tract and up the valleys at an elevation in places of 6000 or even nearly 7000 feet ; Pttapalunt at 6000 feet ; and on the plains of India many of theme, wheat, sorghum, barley, are cold-weather crops.