PIN17S, a genus of trees belonging to the natural order Pinacem of Lindley, the Coniferm of Jussieu, the fir tribe of plants. Cone-bearing pines with long leaves, like the common Scotch fir, are found as far south as the equator, in Arakan, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan, and S. China, also in Arabia, in Australia, and New Zealand. It is a very remarkable fact that no gymnospermous tree inhabits the Peninsula of India, not even the genus Podo carpus, which includes most of the tropical gym nosperms, and is technically coniferous, and has glandular woody fibre, though, like the yew, it bears berries. The absence of oaks and of the above genera (Podocarpus and Pinus) is one of the most characteristic differences between the botany of the east and west shores of the Bay of Bengal. The pine tree genus consists for the most part of timber trees, many of which are of great beauty, and of much value on account of their timber. Many of them are growing along with fir trees (Abies), yew trees, and the larch (Larix), in the Northern Himalaya, in China and Japan, and one or two in Burma, one? hi Cochin-China, and one in Arabia. Other eastern couiferm are species of araucaria, biota, callitris, cedrus, Cun ninghamia, cupressus, cryptomeria, dacrydium, dammara, juniperus, larix, podocarpus, taxodium, taxus, and thuja. The pine forests of the hills yield
tar, resin, and might yield turpentine, except that, by the native process of preparation, this most valuable product of the crude resin is allowed to evaporate. The pines of New Zealand are the Dammara Australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Podocarpus totara, P. dacrydioides, P. spicata, P. ferrugiuea, and Phyllocladus trichomanoides. The San or Sha-muh pine tree of the Chinese is the Cunninghamia Sinensis, a tree of Japan and of the South, Central, and W. Provinces of China, at a distance from the sea-coast. All parts of the tree are used medicinally, as stimulant, tonic, and sedative remedies ; it yields a good timber, used for coffins, flooring, furniture, house-frames, and for piles, but these latter must not be alter nately exposed to the air and water. Several of the Indian coniferee have been variously arranged by different botanists, under the genera Abies, Cedrus, and Pinus, but the following are usually recognised as belonging to the last-named genus :— Pinus alcocquina, Parlatore, grows in Japan, at 6000 to 7000 feet.— Von Mueller.
Pinus densiflora, Sieb. and Zucc., a tree of Japan, along with P. Massoniana.
Films excelsa, Wall., the P. peuce of Mace donia. Its eastern synonyms are