. . BEAS, SUTLEJ. Riar, . . . . JHELUM. . . B110T. Kahn*, Yen), Yari, Kauli.
Tongaehi, . . . BHUT. i• Chir ; Kachir, . CHENAIL KHAN.
Darehir, . . . . „ Sam ; l'alsam, . I'ITI.
Keuri, Shim ; Som-shing, It is a large tree of Narambetty, Nepal, Simla, Bhutan Sirmur, Garhwal, and Kaghan ; scarce at Murree. Found in the Sutlej valley between hamper and Sungnam, at an elevation of 7000 to 11,000 feet ; at places rises to 12,000 feet. It grows in W. Nepal, not in E. Nepal, and Sikkim, but is common in Bhutan. It is found with the deodar at Narambetty, Theog. Resembles the Weymouth pine, and is remarkable for its droop ing branches. Dr. J. L. Stewart says it has re cently been identified with P. pence, which grows only in a confined locality in Macedonia at from 2400 to 5800 feet. It is common iu many parts of the Panjab Himalaya, generally growing in mixed forests, from 5000 to perhaps 11,000 feet ; the 13,000 feet given as a maximum by Aitchison is probably a mistake. It also grows sparingly in W. Tibet, at 8000 to 10,000 feet ; Trans-Indus. Griffith found it in Kafiristan, and Bellew near the Safed Koh, at 0000 to 10,000 feet. Trees of 8 and 9 feet girth are not unfrequent, but it rarely reaches 100 feet in height, although trees of 150 feet occur at times. It furnishes the best wood for most purposes of all the Himalaya coni fers next to deodar, and where the latter is scarce or dear, this is used for all the ordinary purposes of construction. In Kullu, as shingles, it is said to last 7 or 8, and inside 15 years ; and at Murree, where it is the best wood procurable for shingles and ordinary purposes, the supply in A.D. 1860 was rapidly getting exhausted. The wood is so resinous as to be used for flambeaux and candles.
Pious firma, Antoine, of N. Japan.
Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore, of China. • Pinus Gerardiana, Neoza. pine, edible pine.
Chileza, . . AFGHAN. Neoza, HIND.
Chin, Prita,. . CHENAB, Hi, . . . KANAWAR.
Galboja, . Miri, Galgojal, . PANJ.
Gunobur, . . HIND. Julgozah, . . rnswru.
Rhee, Newr, . „ Kashti, . . . RAVI.
A moderate-sized tree, confined to the northern and drier face of the Himalaya, beyond the range of periodical rains far among the hills, and its presence is indicative of a dry climate. It grows m one or two small clusters on a ridge with a northern exposure, near Walassa, but does not generally ripen its fruits. It is first seen on the
Miru ridge, and above Chini becomes a principal tree of the forest, produces a very large cone, containing, like the stone-pine of Europe, eatable nuts, of an elongated oblong form, which, when roasted like chesnuts, are agreeable to the taste, though with a little flavour of turpentine. The seeds, of which there are more than a hundred in a cone, are collected and stored for winter use, being a regular article of food in Tibet and Afghanistan. They ripen about October, and are extracted from the opened cones by beating. They are largely consumed by the inhabitants, which has probably caused the wood of the tree to be less used than it would otherwise have been. They are oily and difficult of digestion, are stimu lant, and an oil extracted from them is said to be applied externally in diseases of the head. This tree has been repeatedly tried in the rainy dis tricts of the Himalaya, but will not succeed, a dry climate being essential to it. it is common in a part of the Upper Slide) basin, at one spot on the Ravi, on a short portion of the Upper Chenab and its tributary the Miru, also growing near Astor and Gilghtt, not far from the Indus, and is found near the Safed Koh (Bellew), and in Kaftristati, etc., north of the Kabul (Griffith) Its range in the Panjab Himalaya may be put at from 5800 to &Kb feet. Dr. Stewart believes there is some mistake in Cleg horn's 10,500 feet on the Sutlej. It does not, as a rule, exceed 6 or 7 feet in girth, although he had seen it up to 12 feet, and ita height dries not generally range over 50 or 60 feet. It is a short trunked tree, and the boughs and often the stem are much curved. The timber is but little used for construction, but Dr. Stewart had seen it used for the sticks on which the passenger by the swing bridge sits, and on which his life depends. It is very resinous, and is generally reckoned the best of all for torches and fuel, but on account of the value of its fruit. is not often taken for these pur poses. Major Longden says that the Kanawaris do not use its resin as it gets too hard, but he ex tracted excellent tar from the wood by destructive distillation. On the Sutlej, a rude basket is formed from a piece of the bark having its corners fastened together by wooden pins.