Finns Gritnthii, Parlatore, is the !Ariz Griffithii of the N.W. Himalaya ; grows at 8000 to 12,000 feet.
Firms Kmmpferi, Lambert, Abies Kmmpfcri or golden pine, is a native of Japan, found wild on the mountains of Fako. The handsomest of all the larches ; grows to 150 feet ; wood hard and durable.
Finns Khasyana, Royle. Tin-yoo-ben, BURL Found on the hills in British Burma, between the Sitang and the Salwin rivers, at an eleva tion exceeding 3000 feet. It is a stately tree, sometimes as high as 200 feet to the top. The wood is very rich in resin. In a full-grown tree on good soil the average length of the trunk to the first branch is 80 feet, and the average girth measured at 6 feet from the ground is 9 feet.
Pines leptolepis, Sieb. and Zucc., of Japan, up to 9000 feet.
Plans longifolia, Roxb.
Tea-dong, . . BHUTIA. Thnnan, KANCRA, Anander, . . . JHELUM. 1/1H11), NEPAL.
Chil, Chir, Saila, KAMAON. Salon DhuF „ Gila, . KANORA, LEPCH. Isakhtar, I'ANJ.
A large tree of Darjiling, the Himalaya, Kangra, Shnla, Sikkim, Bhutan, grows at 4000 to 7000 feet. This species is, of all the Indian pines (except its near ally P. Khasyana), that which is capable of enduring the most heat, and at the stun° time the greatest variation in amount of moisture, as it is found at elevations of not more than 1000 feet above the level of the sea, equally in the hot, humid valleys of Sikkim, where it enjoys a per petual vapour-bath, and on the dry sandstone hills of the Upper Panjab, on which rain hardly ever falls. It is only, however, at low elevations, where the mean temperature is high, that it is capable of supporting a great amount of humidity. Heart wood small, soft, and reddish, not durable, and is readily attacked by insects. It is used for shingles, tea boxes, the bottoms of boats ; it is often made into charcoal. The tree yields 10 to 20 lbs. of resin the first year, and about one-third the quantity the second year, after which the tree either dies or is blown down. Tar is extracted from it, and tur pentine is distilled from the tar. The bark is used for tanning and for iron-smelting ; the charcoal of the leaves, mixed with rice water, is used as ink. The Pinus longifolia exudes naturally or yields to incisions a very fine turpentine, which is called Gunda baroza in the bazars, Birje and cheer ka gond, PEnS., Birozeh tur. But Gunda baroza is a name also given to Indian olibanum. The natives of the Outer Himalaya prepare tar in a simple way from fragments of the wood. The dry chips are put into a large earthen pot with a narrow neck, containing about 10 seers, and in the bottom four or five small holes (one-fifth inch) are drilled. The pot thus filled is luted over with stiff wet mud on the top and sides. A hole being dug in the ground, a smaller pot, holding a seer, is placed in it, and the larger one on the top ; the joint being luted, and the surrounding space filled up with earth, a heap of cow-dung brattier (15 seers) is piled over the whole, and as much more as is required to keep up the fire for eight or nine hours. The residue of each pot gives 5 chitaks of tar and 1 seer of charcoal ; four men will easily make 21 maunds, or 9 large pots full of tar, in the month, and the cost will be Rs. 21, viz. four men at 5 rupees = 20 rupees ; purchase of pots, 1 rupee ; on 21 maunds = 3 annas 8 pie per seer. The
value of the charcoal, near the railway or a large town, will reduce the cost of tar to 3 annas per seer, or probably less. The product appears to be equal to the tar imported from Europe, which is prepared on a larger scale. Mr. J. D. Smithe, civil engineer, adopted a modification of this plan at the Madhopur workshops. On the large pot, holding 12 seers, and filled with chips, he placed a smaller one inverted, luting the joint and upper surface with stiff mud, five inches thick ; these vessels, thus prepared, are put on the top of a third, which we may call the receiver, and, as in the former method, the joint being luted, the whole is covered with fuel, and a fire lighted. Four to eight hours are necessary to extract all the tar. After the fire has been extinguished and the vessels have cooled, the ashes should be raked out, until the under vessel or receiver is visible ; the large pot should then be carefully lifted off with a thick cloth in the hands. As the layer of mud is essential for the preservation of the vessels, time and fuel will be saved if by careful manage ment the coating is not broken ; each time it is renewed a considerable expenditure of fuel takes place. Care is necessary in lifting the large pot to prevent lute or ashes falling into the receiver which contains the tar. The charcoal should then be taken out of the large vessel and the tar out of the receiver, when they are ready to be charged again, as at first. Common s bazar pots may be used, and with good management they may be fired 10 or 12 times; the economical working of the tar factory very much depends upon care and attention. The pots may be worked in a row 11 foot apart ;—by this arrangement there will be a great saving of fuel. The average produce, accord ing to Mr. Smithe, is as follows :—One seer of wood yields 2-6th chitaks of tar and 4-3d chitaks of charcoal, giving 6-9th chitaks as the produce of each seer of wood put into the pot, or 43.1 per cent. To produce a seer of tar, 6 seers 4 chitaks of fresh chips are required for charging a pot, and 2 maunds 6 seers and 9 chitaks of chips for fuel. The estimated cost is about one anua per seer, which, however, seems to be too low. The pots for the tar-making process should be charged with chips about 1 or 2 inches thick and 3 to 5 inches long. The tar produced by the above process, from the chips of deodar (Cedrus deodara), Chil (Pilaus longifolia), or Kail (Pinus excelsa), is of a superior description, equal to Swedish tar. It is a mixture of resin and oil of turpentine, more or less blackened by the admix ture of empyreumatic products ; it thickens after exposure to the atmosphere, and may be used for coating boats ; it is valuable as a preservative for all the woodwork of dams, regulating bridges and railway sleepers, also for telegraph posts and wooden fencing.
Pinus Merkusii, fungh, Tin-yoo-ben of the Burmese, grows near the Toting - gyin river, associated with Dipterocarpus ; splinters are used for torches.—Roxb.; O'Sh.; Boyle, Ill, p. 350 ; Wall.; Stewart; Cleghorn ; Bellew ; Hooker, ii. p. 43 ; Gamble ; Brandis; Von Mueller; Cal. Cat. Ex., 1862 ; Thomson's Tr.