The necessity for a change in the old policy was great. The East India Company, whether as mer chants or rulers, had paid their servants liberally, but their rewards were restricted to this pecuniary form, and since their sway ceased, other views have been acted on. Queen Victoria, on the 1st November 1858, assumed from the E. I. Company the rule of India, and subsequently, 28th April 1876, and at Dehli on the lst January 1877, was proclaimed Empress of India ; the royal style and titles. of the Queen-Empress being Indi Imperatnx, Victoria, by the grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith.
The Governor-General of India, Lord Canning on .the 29th December 1859, forwarded Sum:ton-I Major Balfour's letter to H,M. Secretary oeState for India, then Sir Charles Wood, and since then there have been instituted the Order of the Indian Empire of one gmde ; that of the Star of India (1861 and 1866) of three g,rades ; and in 1878 the Imperial Order of the Crown of India for ladies. These Orders may perhaps be still further extended in order to meet the longings and wishes of the native communities.
The Queen-Empress of India rules over subjects from all the races of Asia, Aryan and non-Aryan, Semite and Turk, Mongol and Manchu, whose rulers have handed down many regal and tribal epithets which the people prize. And Asiatic titles are not single designations to mark a rank or grade, such as duke, marquis, and earl, hitt honorific epithets, appellations of dignity, dis tinction and pre-eminence of civil and military bearing. The E. I. Company's Governor-General and the Government of India were early aware of and adopted these forms, but only for them selves. The seal of Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General, was very simple, describes him as—' The pillar of the State, the support in war, Mister Hastins, the devoted servant of the victor ious king Shah Alain.' A successor designated himself on his seal— ' Cream of the princes, high in dignity, privy councillor of the illustrious throne of England, Lord Mornington, Governor-General of the king doms under the dominion of the English Com pany in the region of India, the devoted servant of the victorious emperor Shah Alam, 1212.' A little later, a successor of Marquess Wellesley was styled.= The cream of the princes, mighty in
dignity, high in honour, exalted in position, the noble of nobles, Sir George Haar° Barlow, Baronet, Bahadur, Governor-General of the coun tries under the dominion of the English Company connected with the country of India, devoted servant of the victorious emperor Shah Alam, Bahadur, 1805, year 1220 Hijira.' Later on, the seal of the Supreme Government of India ran--' mucec.xxxr., Seal of the Government of power and for the control and arrangement of the affairs of the country and islands of India, the high English Government, supreme in authority, 1831.' Governor-General Lord Auckland's seal con tains the words--‘ Zabdat-i-nao-nian, azim-us shan, mushir-i-khas-i-Huzur faiz mamur badshah kaiwan-i-barga-i-Inglistan, ashrtif-ul-mnra, Lord George, Earl of Auckland, Governor-General, Bahadur, nazim -i-azam-i-munialik-i-mahrusa-i sarkar-i-Company Angriz Bahadur matalaqa - i kashwar-i-Hind ; san Isawi 1840.1 Which may be rendered—' Cream of the people, of exalted dignity, member of the Privy Council of His illustrious Majesty the bountiful king of England, the noble of nobles, Lord George, Earl of Auck land, the valorous, Governor-General, the chief administrator of the countries under the rule of the brave English Company, in the year of Jesus 1840.' The Persian is the language used.
The British, while establishing the five Orders enumerated above, have not, as_, yet, imitated the native princes in the grant of insignia. The Ain-i-Akbari of Akbar's time names as regal insignia the aurang or throne, &attar or umbrella ; the sayaban or sun-shade, and the kaukabah or golden stars, the alam or standard, the thattar tong, and Wean touq or...collars. Three drums, viz. the kowrekh or dimatnalt, the ntyptra, and dliel ; with trumpet, viz. the kurna of metal, the sarna, the nen., the sing, and sank'll or chank.
hi Al:tingles reign no one could of his own accord assume a chair, a palanquin, or an umbrella. A grant from the king was required to use them, and every one was punished who adopted them with out authority. That emperer was styled Muham mad Mohi-ud-Din Abu-uz-Zafr, Alamgir Bad shah Gliazi, year 12, year 1080 ; which may be rendered, Muhanunad .Molli-ud-Din, father of vic tory, world conquering king, the victorious, year 12, year 1080.