The colonies established afterwards by the Carthaginians in the interior as well as on the coast of Africa, Sicily, and Spain, were upon a different plan from those of the Phcenicians : they were made through conquest, and for the purpose of keeping the country in subjection, like those of the Romans, with the remarkable exception of the colonies planted by Ilanno on the west coast of Africa.
The earlier Greek colonies appear to have owed their origin to the same causes as those of the Phoenicians. Thucydides (i. 12) says, that after the Trojan war, and the subsequent conquest of Pelopon• nexus by the Dorian, Greece, being re stored to tranquillity, began to send out colonies. The Athenians, whose country was overflowing with people from other parts of Greece, who had flocked thither for security; began to send out Ionians, as Thucydides terms the settlers in the country in Asia called after them Ionia, and to many of the islands : the Pelopon nesian sent theirs to Italy, Sicily, and some parts of Greece. The Dorians from Megaris, Argos, Corinth, and other places, colonized some of the larger islands, part of Creta, Rhodes, Corcyra, as well as .gins, Cos, and other islands. They founded the Hexapolis on the south-west coast of Caria, in Asia Minor, which dis trict took from them the name of Doris. A colony of Lacediemonians founded Cy rene. The Megarians founded Chal cedon, Byzantium, Selymbria, Heraclea, and other places on the coasts of the Euxine. Sicily also was chiefly colonized by Dorians. Syracuse was a Corinthian colony, which afterwards founded Acres and Camarina Gela was a colony of Rhodians and Cretans, and Agrigentam was a colony from Gela. The Megarians founded Selinus. The Chalcidians built Naxus, which was the first Greek settle ment in Sicily, and afterwards took Leon tini and Catana from the Siculi. For a more detailed account of the numerous Dorian colonies, see K. 0. Minler's His tory of the Doric Race.' The Ionians from Attica, who emi grated to the west coast of Asia Minor, which took from them its name Ionia, established there twelve cities or commu nities, which quickly rose to a high de gree of prosperity, and formed a kind of federal union. These Ionians who settled in Asia were a mingled people, of whom the Ionians who emigrated from Athens considered themselves the best part. They gave the name Ionia to their new settlements in Asia from the country in the Peloponuesus, once called Ionia, and subsequently Achtea, from which they had been driven by Achteans who settled there. As the Ionians consisted of twelve
states in their old country, so they made twelve states in their new settlements. (Herodotus, i. 143, &c.) Four genera tions before the Ionian emigration, ac cording to Strabo (p. 582, ed. Cas.), the /Eolians and some Achteans, two nearly allied races, being driven away from part of the Peloponnesus by the Dorian, had emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor, where they formed colonies from Cyzicus on the Propontis as far southwards as the Hermus. Phociea was the most northern of the Ionian towns, and it was on the borders of /Eolis. The /EoHans also co lonized the islands of Lesbos, Tenedos, and others in that part of the /Egean. These emigrations were posterior to the time of Homer, who mentions other people as occupying that coast. The Athenians at a later date colonized Fu bcea, where they founded Chalcis and Eretria ; and they also sent colonies to Naxos, to the islands of Ceos, Siphnos, Seriphos, and other islands of the IE&ean. Many of these colonies, having thriven and increased, became colonizers in their turn. The enterprising mariners of Phoetea formed various colonies, the most celebrated of which is Massilia (Marseille), on the south coast of Gaul. Miletus, also one of the Ionian cities, was the parent of numerous colonies, many of which were on the south coast of the Black Sea. The Chalcidians of Eubma founded Came, on the west coast of Italy, in the country of the Opici. Pirates from Cunue founded Zancle in Sicily, on the Straits of Messina ; but a fresh colony of Samians and some Mi lesions escaping from the Persian invasion, in the time of the first Darius, B.C. 494, took Zancle, and were afterwards in their turn dispossessed by Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium, who called the town Messene (now Messina), from the name of his ori ginal country in the Peloponnesus. The Lolians founded Dicwarchia, afterwards Puteoli, in Italy, and they, with the Cu mteans, are supposed to have founded Parthenope (Naples). • The Greek colonies on the east coast of Italy, setting aside the confused tra ditions of Arcadian and other immigra tions, consisted chiefly of Dorian and Achteans from the Peloponnesus. Cro ton, Sybaris, and Pandosia were Achtean colonies. Tarentum was a colony of La cedsemonians, and Locri Epizephyrii ofe the Locrians. Greek colonies were settled both on the north and east sides of the Pontus (Black Sea), and also on the north coast and in the modern Cri mea. Many of them, as already observed, were Milesian colonies.