The dihydrobromate, hydrobronzate, and hydrochlorate are all white crystal salts, all soluble in water, and the last two also in alcohol.
The tannate is an amorphous, taste less, white powder only partly soluble in alcohol.
Quizzoidine, or chinoidine, is a mixt ure of amorphous alkaloids that remain in solution after the crystalline alkaloids have been separated. It is a very bitter, brownish-black mass, lustrous and resin ous in appearance, soluble in dilute acids, alcohol, and chloroform, and softens at a temperature of 212° or less. The borate and citrate appear as yellowish brown and reddish-brown scales, re spectively, and both are soluble in water and alcohol. The hydrochlorate and sul phate are bitter white powders, alike soluble in alcohol and water. The tannale is a yellow cr brownish amor phous powder partly- soluble in alcohol.
Quinoline, for the most part, is a ter tiary amine derived synthetically from aniline, or naturally from coal-tar, though it can also be had from cincho nine. It is a colorless liquid of peculiar odor, that turns yellow with age, and is lauded as an antiseptic; a large number of salts are made, but these are not de rived from the cinchonine product, which is five times as expensive as the synthetic or that had from coal-tar.
For description of the quinine alka loids see QUININE.
Quinic, or kinic, acid is another de rivative of the cinchona-barks, with a decided acid taste, soluble in water and alcohol, and obtained in the form of hard, white, transparent, monoclinic prisms.
Quinolinic acid is no longer had from cinchonine, but from the artificial prod uct; and the same is true of the quino snlphuric acids.
Q uinopicric acid is a yellowish-brown powder made by mixing quinine and cin chonine picrates.
Quinovic acid is secured from quino yin, derived from certain cinchonas. These two, quinidamine, quinquinia, quinicine, quinone, and quinotaianic acid are obsolete, reclassified, and rearranged, or no longer obtained from cinchona barks or alkaloids, but as the result of chemical enterprise in connection with aniline and the coal-tar products.
Physiological Action. — The physio logical effects of the cinchona-barks and their alkaloids are so inextricably bound up with the action of quinine that they cannot well be separated; therefore only a brief resume can be here given; for more elaborate description, the reader is referred to QUININE.
Cinchona is about fifty times more bulky than its alkaloids, is more astrin gent, more apt to irritate the stomach, and much more difficult of absorption.
Given in sufficient closes, cinchona and its alkaloids are antiperiodic, tonic, febrifuge, and to some degree antiseptic. In small doses no sensible effect is pro duced, except, perhaps, with the excep tion of slight arterial excitement, though some, who may be particularly sensi tive to the drug, may exhibit an in creased ilow of animal spirits. Taken in medium doses, just before retiring at night, they sometimes induce sleepless ness. In large or long-continued doses headache may be induced, along with deafness, noises or ringing in the ears, flashings of light across the eyes, vertigo, nausea, and even delirium and coma if pushed to extremes. The supervention of any of these symptoms. called "cin chonism," indicates that the full physio logical effects have been produced, and that no further benefit can be obtained by persevering in administration. The action is much more rapid and energetic when given on an empty stomach, espe cially after considerable abstinence from food, or when combined with an acid, than when given after meals or in merely a semisoluble state. The drugs, more over, appear to be—at least in consid erable proportion—taken up by the cir culation with the result of depriving the blood to greater or less extent of its co agulability; in fact, when the dose is sufficiently large the action is like that of any other poisonous agent. No doubt, the reflex excitability of the cord is diminished on occasions, though this has, in many instances, been denied. Small doses tend to increase the secre tion, while large produce a diametric ally-opposite effect. Respiration appears not to be influenced. Large doses ex hibited during a febrile paroxysm ma terially depress temperature. The alka loidal salts may be detected in consider able quantities in the urine in from 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion, but where the bark is exhibited transformation and elimination may be materially delayed. Elimination is usually at its height, in any event, dnring the third hour; di minishes in twenty-four hours; and ceases about the third day. Although traces of salts may be found in the saliva, perspiration, and the secretions and ex cretions of the intestines, the bulk of elimination is by the kidneys, and the amount of uric acid in the urine, particu larly in malarial poisoning, is apt to be decreased. Most of the salts have an oxy toxic action.