Then the milk should be thoroughly cooled, and at the same time aerated by running it through a cooler in which water from supply pipes, or ice-water, circulates.
The milk should now be poured into transparent glass bottles, the cleanliness of which is a matter of prime importance. Bottles with large necks are easier to clean. Close them by metal caps or covers of waxed pasteboard.
Clean all utensils thoroughly with boiling water after using. Although it is expensive, dry fodder is the ideal for city stables. because change of food frequently produces diarrhwa among the ani tools. In Victoria Park each cow receives 2S pounds of hay, 5 pounds of wheat (lour, aml 12 pounds of wheat chaff (hilly. In any case, the food should not lack variety, or be damaged or impart a bad odor to tlw milk (as will cabbage, ricious cakes, or garbage), and the hay should not be exposed to rain, mildewed, or fermented. Turnip leaves or par ings, swill, and draft' 511001(1 not lw fed.
If an animal is sick, its milk should be excluded at once, and a small subsidiary stable should be fitted up to insure this.
who lake part ill the milking must not suffer from either chronic (tuberculosis, Sypilifi;-4) (0' aCIlle illfeCti(MIS diseases. Cases of scarlet fever, diphtheria, or typhoid fever in their families equally forbid their employment.
If it is desired to improve the milk produced in an old stable with out excessive cost, and to obtain milk for children from certain cows, it will be well to observe the following directions: Enlarge the windows, t(lmit plenty of light and air, select healthy animals, and place them in the best-ventilated part of the stable. Keep these animals clean and give them individual litter. Alilk them at the beginning of the milking-time and strain the milk immediately. Clt is here still questionable whether several unperforated straining cloths, which can be boiled each time they are used, should not take the place of the cotton-wool filters which, according to experiments in Rodlitz, are effective only when they have been. sterilized.) Finally, put the floor in good condition. In such stables I have succeeded in obtaining strippings for the use of children, though so far no attempt has been made to produce this on a large scale. The rich milk drawn at the last in milking is called strippings. After all four teats have been milked in succession, so that about two-thirds of the milk has been drawn, put a special pail beneath and draw off the rest. This will
usually contain 6 per cent. of fat. Strain and cool it at once. With the aid of butyrometers and centrifugators the proportion of fat in the strippings can be determined in a few minutes, and, accordingly. the quantity of water which must be added to obtain milk containing, say, 3 per cent. of fat. For infants less one week old the last 200 or 300 c.c. should be milked separately and enough water added to obtain milk which, with 3 per cent. of fat, has only 1 per cent. of casein and 0.23 per cent. of salts. This milk, however, must be poured at once into bottles holding but a single portion. for the cream rises very easily. This procedure requires a high degree of intelligence in the dairyman, as otherwise there will he great fluctuations in the composition of the milk.
If the animals are in pasture, all that is required is to keep them clean, strain the milk, and transport it quickly. Milk in itself has few germs. Goat's milk is often to be recommended on this account.
If the milk is not consumed where it is produced, it should—at least if used for children—be kept at 5° C. F.). The other expedient, pasteurization, is an inferior substitute for thorough cooling.
Transportation in tin cans comes next. (Even the best wooden receptacles, the barrel-shaped oak ones, are difficult to clean.) The rectangular vessels of Helm (Alexander Works, Remschied-Berlin) have some advantages. They can be placed against or on top of one another so that they mutually protect each other against heat. At the place of sale the con be exchanged for those provided with taps, thus rendering pouring into another receptacle unnecessary. If the milk is not to be sold directly from the cans used in transport, it is enough to have vessels that can be securely closed. rocking with cloth, paper, or straw is not permissible. Transportation by rail should be in special cars which have isolating walls filled with non-conductors of heat and which are kept cool by ice or refrigerating apparatus. For transport by wagon, calls with covers which have a clyindrical extension filled with ice are to be recommended. The cans must not be used for any other purpose and should be thoroughly washed and scalded. The Prussian law forbidding them to be washed with a solution of soda is entirely wrong.