necker, his successor.
At Gottingen ther,-: is an observatory, memorable by the labours of Tobias Mayer, and by those more recently of Harding, who discovered Juno in 1804. Here, too, that able mathematician and astronomer, M. Gauss, observes, who has been lately provided with new instru ments, particularly a fine repeating. circle by Reichen bach, which, without doubt, he will turn to good account.
At Alanheim there is an observatory, containing ex cellent instruments, though the building is inadequate. There is a three-feet repeating circle by Reichenbach, an eight-fect mural quadrant by Bird, a six-feet transit by Ramsden, Ecc. AI. Schumacher was superintendent of it from 1813 to 1815, when, at the dcath of Bugge, the King of Denmark called him to Copenhagen. It is now under the care of Al. Nicolai.
At Nuremberg an observatory was built in 1673, and another in 1692, where Zimmcrt and Wuzzelbau have distinguished themselves as observers.
At Cassel an observatory was built, in 1714, by Charles I. Lanclgrave of Hesse, heir to the lands and taste of William, the early friend of Tycho Braise.
At Griessen there was built an observatory. in 1740 ; and another in 1768, at Outsburg, in Franconia.
At Lcipsic, in 1738, another was built upon an old tower of great stability. Observatolics have also been erected and supported with credit at Cremsmunster, Lambach, Polling, Prague, and Gratz.
At Bremen there is an observatory belonging to Dr. Others, an eminent physician, who has immortalized his name by the discovery of two new planets, Pallas and Vesta.
At Lilienthal, near Bremen, M. Schrocter, governor of that district, erected an observatory about the year 1786, and furnished it with excellent instruments. Ile is highly celebrated as an accurate and interesting ob -server, particularly of the surfitces and rotations of the planets and of the moon.
At Secberg, near Gotha, a very considerable obser vatory was built in the ycar 1788, by the Duke of Saxe Gotha, of which M. Zach, now Baron Zach, was ap pointed superinteralant, who has distinguished himself as a profound and accurate astronomer. This observa tory is reckoned one of the most beautiful and complete in Europe, and is situated on a fine elevation about a.
league from the town. There is here a large transit, with two mural quadrants, of eight feet radius, and a circle of eight feet in diameter, all by Ramsdell and his successor Berge.
At 1.3i unswiLk there is an observatory that belonged to M Gauss, now of Gottingen, well known for his determinations of the orbits of the Lew planets, and other important labours.
Italia?: Observatories.
In Italy, practical astronomy has been cultivated with much assiduity and success during the last century; chiefly by ecclesiastics, and particuldrly by the Jesuits.
At Rome, Cardinal Zelada constructed, at his own expense, on the southern part of the Roman College, a vet). fine observatory, with the large sector of Father Boscovich, and other instruments, by Ramsden and Dullond. The Ahhl.: Calandrelli observed here with great attention and accuracy for many years. Other buildings of a similar description !rave been erected in different parts of Rome.
At I3ologna a magnificent observatory was built in 1714, in the Palace ol the Institute, by the munificence of tile celebrated Count Marsigli ; and Pope Benedict XIV. afterwards gave a large sum of money towards the purchase of instruments. Hcre a succession of able astronomers have observed, among whom may be enu merated Manfredi, Zanotti, Canterzarn, &c.
At Pisa an observatory, in the form of a spire, was built in 1730, at the expense of the university, and supplied with excellent apparatus made by Sisson, Short, Graham, 8cc. Perelli observed here for many years, aud had for a successor Al. Slop, who published an excellent collec tion of observations in 1789.
At Milan thefe is an observatory, which is reckoned one of the most useful in Italy. It was built in 1765, at the cost of the College of the Jesuits, chiefly through the zeal of Father Pallavicini, and under the direction of Boscovich, who also contributed liberally to the expense. The instruments have been made with great care by the principal English and French artists. Among the observers may be reckoned Reggio, Oriani, and Cesaris.