In Sweden, observatories have been built at Stock holm and Upsal. That at Stockholm was founded in 1746, by the Acadetny of Sciences. In 1753, Wargen tin was appointed astronomer to it, acd, in 1783, he was succeeded by Nicander. This obsct vatory is situ ated on a hill north of the town, and contains a good collection of instruments, all made by English artists.
'Ube observatory at Upsal was built and endowed in 1739, by the king of Sweden. It was first superin tended by the celebrated Celsius, who has been followed by a succession of able astronomers, particularly Hook er and Wargentin. The latter is well known as the author of a set of tables of Jupiter's Satellites. At Dant zic, there was an old observatory, celebrated as having been used by Hevelius, which is fully described in his Celestis. A new observatory was built in that city in the year 1778, and superintended by Dr. Wolff.
At Copenhageo, the famous astronomical tower was finished in 1656. It was built by Christian IV. at the recommendation of Longomontanus, and was for many years under the management of M. Bugge, a very able astronomer. He has been succeeded by M. Schuma cher, a very distinguished astronomer, and accurate observer, at present at Altona, where, for some years, Ile has resided for the purpose of carrying on a trigo nometrical survey, to be combined with several others of tho same kind, instituted in Europe for ascertaining- thc true figure and magnitude of the earth.
In Holland some attention was paid to practical astronomy while it was a maritime state, but the science has of late been much neglected. In 1690, an observatory was erected for the university ; and at Utrccht, an ancient tower was, in 1726, converted into an observatory, where the celebrated Nluschenbroek ob served for many years with gieat accuracy, and lie was succeeded by NI. Hennert.
In Spain, observatories have been built at Madrid, Cadiz, Seville, and Carthagena. The observations made in the Nlarine Academy at Cadiz, by Aliguel and Va rilla, have been published in two volumes, which con tain also a catalogue of the instruments of the obser vatory, constructed chiefly by French artists. Of late
years, however, English instruments have been in troduced.
At I.isbon, in 1728, John V. had an observatory erected at his palace. It was furnished with excellent instruments, and accurate observations have been made there by the Jesuits. They also erected an observa tory at their own college of St. Anthony, where Father Carbon, in 1726, made some good observations on the Satellites of Jupiter.
At Lisbon, in 1787, a royal observatory was con structed at the Chateau de St. George, which was su perintended by NI. Custodio Gomez. At Coimbra, too, there is one which contains a fine equatorial by Trough ton.
At Petersburg, an observatory was built in 1725, by Peter the Great, who showed great zeal for science in general and for astronomy in particular. When he was in England, some years previous to that period, he visited the royal observatory at Greenwich, where be examined both the building and the instruments with great atten tion. The observatory which he built afterwards is one of the most magnificent in Europe. It appears, how ever, to be too high, being about 130 feet, with three stories, all fitted up for astronomical purposes, in which case the upper stories must be too much agitated in high winds for accurate observations. M. Delisie has made, according to Lalande, a great number of excel lent observations here, which arc preserved in manu script at the Marine Depot.
At Nloscow, an observatory was built a few years ago, and furnished with some excellent English in struments, chiefly by Cary ; but most of them have been destroyed in the late conflagration of that city. We have been informed, however, that a new one is now erecting.—For the plans of the several observatories, ne-Plates CCCCXXV. kc.