BADEN, a margravate of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, situated on the eastern bank of the Rhine. It comprehends the territory which lies between the rivers Pfinz and Swarzback, and is watered by the Ens, the Wurm, the Nagoed, and several other tri butary streams of the Rhine. It is divided into two marquisates, which were formerly named the tharqui sate of Baden-Baden and marquisate of Baden Dur lach. But since the union of these states under one prince, they are merely distinguished by the names of the Upper and the Lower marquisate. The Upper marquisate, of which Baden is the capi tal, comprehends the northern part of this country, situated between the rivers Pfinz and Alb ; all the rest of it is included in the Lower marquisate, the capital of which is Durlach. Besides these two cities, the principal towns are in Upper Baden, Ras tadt, Stolhoffer, Steinbach; and Etlingen ; and, in Lower Baden, Carlscruh, Pforzein, Muhlburg, and Emmingen.
The country of Baden is fertile and beautiful. Its streams are shaded by forests of excellent wood ; its fields wave with luxuriant crops of corn, hemp, flax, and hay ; while its orchards abound with the finest kinds of fruit ; and rich clusters of grapes are seen hanging from its vines. Numerous herds of deer range among the woods and mountains, which are likewise frequented by large flocks of wild fowl. The meadows, irrigated by the Rhine, pasture great numbers of horses and black cattle ; the hogs, fed upon chesnuts, furnish bacon of a delicious flavour ; and valuable fisheries are established on the islands of the Rhine. The mines of Oberweilli and Cande
ron produce excellent iron ; and quarries of freestone, and various kinds of marble, are also found in this country, as well as agates, which the inhabitants po. lish and export in considerable quantities. Manu factures are much encouraged in Baden, and are in a very flourishing condition. Among others, there is at Durlach a manufacture of that kind of varnished pottery which is called Fayenza, from a town in Italy where it was first invented. The margrave has established at the same place, a few years ago, a fine manufactory of clock-work, of which a particular description will be given under the article DURLACU.
The margrave of Baden is a sovereign prince, and has two votes in the college of princes ; one for Lower Baden, and the other for the margravate of Stockberg, which is situated along the Brisgaw. His territories are said to be 832 square miles in ex tent, and to contain 200,000 inhabitants. His whole revenue amounts to 1,200,000 florins, or about .16120,000 sterling ; but as the reigning prince has been occupied for many years in improving his finan ces, suppressing arbitrary imposts, and substituting in their stead a regular land tax, his revenue will, with out doubt, be considerably increased. • The military establishment of Baden consists of 3000 men, 300 of whom are cavalry. The reigning prince, and his subjects in general, are Lutherans ; but other sects are tolerated. (,,z)