The friendship which the Carians had formed with the Egy ptians in the days of Psammetichus continued the three successive reigns ; and when A pries, the last of his race who w ielded the sceptre, endeavoured to subdue his subjects, who, under the, command of A masis, opposed his tyranny, the Carians deli tided the authority and shared in the disgrace of that monarch on the plains Memphis. "lhey rwards entered into an alliance with the usurper, which was confirmed with Psammeni tus his son ; and the bravest of his forces fell on the field of battle when that monarch yielded to the superior for tune of Cambyses and his Persians. The remainder of their troops returned to their own country, which was now almost reduced to a province of Lydia ; but the ven geance of the Persians still pursued them, till, in the wreck of the neighbouring kingdoms, they swelled the triumph of Cyrus. But though subject to Persia, they were still governed by native princes ; and when Xerxes formed the inglorious design of extinguishing the liberty of Greece, Artemisia I. who then ruled in Carla, aug mented his fleet by joining him with her own, which she commanded in person. When that monarch held a council of war to decide on the propriety of engaging the enemy's fleet at the Streights of Salamis, this princess was the only person who had the wisdom and the courage to oppose the king, who was bent on the engagement : but when the attack was made, and the destruction of his fleet blasted the hopes of Xerxes, the same spirit which induced her to dissuade him from the dangerous enter prise, induced her also to maintain the combat with the most determined bravery. Her squadron was the last which retired from the conflict, and the reward of 10,000 drahmas which the Athenians•of ered to the person who should take her captive, as well as the declaration of Xerxes, that the men fled like women, and the women fought like men, consecrated her fame to future ages.
In this state of degradation, Carla groaned till about 444 years 13. C., when Lydamis, either.by the friendship or the permission of Persia, ascended the throne. The page of history has preserved little more than his name, and the names of several of his successors, from oblivion ; and after a long and an inglorious interval, we find the sceptre in the hand of 1\lausolus. This prince, who changed the seat of government from I\ ylases to Hali carnassus, not only united and strengthened his native dominions, but took the advantage of the death of Artax erxes to shake off the Persian yoke, and establish the in dependence of his country. He then gained signal ad vantages over the Ionians, Lytham, and Lycians, and assisted the inhabitants of Cos and Rhodes to break the fetters of Athenian slavery. But the glory of delivering
them from a foreign yoke was for ever obst tired, when, by corrupting their nobles he subjected them to his own; but at his death, they not only asserted their indepen dence, but carried their arms into Caria. Artemisia II. the widow and sister of the late king, who had assumed the government, commanded the inhabitants of Halicar nassus to receive the Rhodians with the greatest demon strations of friendship, in order to cut them off by strata gem ; and when they were allured from their ships into the city, before ever they were aware, they were SUN rounded and slain. _Artemisia having seized, by surprise, their fleet, set sail for Rhodes, entered the port amid the gratulations of the unsuspecting multitude, took posses sion or the capital, and slew all who had promoted the expedition into Carla. The Ithodians applied to the Athenians for assistance ; and the Athenians, fired by the eloquence of Demosthenes, enabled them to expel thei• oppressors.
At the death of Artemisia, which happened soon after, her brother Idrieus ascended the throne, acknowledged his dependence on Persia, and, in obedience to Ochus, fitted out a powerful fleet, which, under the command of Phoccan, made a descent upon the isle of Cyprus to subject it to the Persians, from whom it had revolted.
But, though the siege of Salamis was begun, nothing was performed to arrest our attention. At the death of id•icus, Adda, his widow and sister, who had gained the affections of the Carians, seized the government, but was soon driven from her capital by Pexodt oats, w honi Darius had made viceroy over that kingdom. To Pt xodortis, Orontabatus succeeded ; and Adda was Pn ced to shut herself up in the city of Aluida, which sin• fortified, and held in defiance of her enemies. But when A lexander marched to subvert the throne of Persia, he was welcom ed and assisted by Adda ; and m hen that prince had levelled with thr ground the walls of Ilalicar»assus, which alone dared to chuck his Nkt01'10111al*Cer, hr tahlkhC1I 'ICI' authority over all Carla. Ile. reign was, however, short ; and in her was extinguished the royal race, and the independence of her country. At the death of Alexander, Carla composed a small part of the terri tories that owned the authority or Cassander ; it has since shared ill the revolutions which have agitated Asia Alinor, without the hope indicating its freedom ; and there is no probability that it will ever again claim the honours of an independent state. (J. s.)