The revenue of Hungary arises from three sources; the royal domains, the legal duties, and the contributions or imposts. The royal domains consist of the kron-giiter, or such property as is attached to the crown, and is unaliena ble ; and the kammer-giiter, that which belongs to the king personally, and which he can dispose of at his pleasure. The annual value of both amounts to 6,000,000 of florins. The regal duties comprehend the management of the salt, which is supposed to yield nearly 6,800,000 florins ; the mines, which, after deducting all expences, produce 1,097,000 florins ; the duties upon exports and imports, valued at 1,300,000 florins ; the quit-rents of the royal free cities, and of the sixteen cities of the Zips, amounting to 34,000 florins ; the royal exchequer, which brings 94,000 florins; the toleration tax paid by the Jews, producing 100,000 florins ; the tax of 5 per cent. upon all employ ments, to which is attached a retiring pension, yielding .37,000 florins ; the ecclesiastical subsidy, which, in 1781, was 71,000 florins. To these may be added the post-office, the tolls upon the bridges, the tax of 10 per cent. which all must pay who carry their fortune out of the country ; the lottery ; and the banks, of which there are two, one at Presbourg, and the other at Buda, The contributions or imposts are levied upon the counties and cities. The total amount is fixed by the diet, and is divided into Porten or portions, each of which is valued at 688 florins, 50 kreut zers. Every county and city is then burdened with so many Porten, according to its population and resources, which they collect from the citizens and peasants. The sources of this branch of the revenue arises from the poll tax, tax upon cattle, &c. ; the land-tax paid by the farmer; and a tax upon trades, &c. The total amount of the con tributions in 1802 was 62101 Porten, making 4,277,827 florins, 121 kreutzers; to which may be added 113,615 florins, 581 kreutzers for Croatia. The total revenue of Hungary cannot be well ascertained, as the different items given above are not for the same year, and authors are also much divided in opinion respecting it. Schloezer makes it 13,500,000 florins; Busching, 18,000,000; De Lucca, 15,000,000; Schwartncr, 11,750,000; and Demian, who is the latest author, fixes it at between 15 and 16 mil lions of florins. Alter deducting the public expenditure, the surplus, according to Schwartner, amounts to 1,002,296 florins.
The management of the finances is entrusted to the royal chamber of Buda, which is independent of all other au thority within the kingdom, and corresponds with the royal treasury at Vienna. It administers all the royal re venues, except the contributions which are lodged in the government chest, and the mines and mint, which are en trusted to a particular council.
Since 1802, the Hungarian army, exclusive of the fron tier regiments, is formed of twelve regiments of infantry and ten regiments of cavalry, making an armed force of 64,000 men. The military cordon, which extends along the frontiers from the Adriatic to the county of Marma rosch, is formed of seventeen regiments of armed peasants, each regiment having its particular district ; viz. eight in Croatia, three in Sclavonia, two in the Bannat, and four in Transylvania. Each regiment has two battalions, and in time of war a battalion of reserve ; the whole, exclusive of the reserve, amounting to 49,402 men. There is also a regiment of hussars, whose complement, in time of peace, is 1364 men and 1212 horses. The Hungarian army is maintained by an annual contribution, fixed by the diet in 1715, which is levied upon the citizens and pea sants, and amounts to nearly three millions of florins. The country is also obliged to furnish bread and forage ne cessary for the troops at a fixed price, whatever be the price of these necessaries in the public markets ; and the loss which is thus sustained by the counties, is com puted at about a million of florins. The extraordinary
contributions, however, which were required during the late wars with France, were paid almost entirely by the nobility.
In addition to the permanent army establishment, the diet, in urgent cases, grants a levy at the request of the king. During the middle ages, every Hungarian noble, by a law of the kingdom, was obliged to arm himself and his vassals in defence of the country when threatened by an enemy ; and in cases of imminent danger, the whole nation took up arms. The levy now, however, is confined to a certain additional, force, furnished and paid by the counties and cities. The first levy of this description was raised in 1741, for the war of the succession; and in the first coalitions against France, regular levies were decreed by the diet ; but they were always too late of being brought into the field, to be of any service to the common cause. The levy of 1797, 40,000 strong, was scarcely assembled before the peace of Campo Formic) was concluded; that of 1800 was stopped in their match by the peace of Luneville; and that of 1805 was withdrawn on account of the peace of Presbourg.
All religious sects enjoy full toleration and security in this kingdom, as well as in other parts of the Austrian do minions. The Roman Catholic is the established religion, and is tinder the jurisdiction of three arch-bishops, Gran, Kolotcha, and Erlau ; 14 diocesan bishops, and 16 titular bishops ; 16 metropolitan chapters, and two others of col legiate churches ; 178 beneficed canons, and 79 honorary canons ; 1 archabbot, and 146 abbots ; 19 grand provosts, and 89 provosts. The revenues of the bishops and chap ters are very considerable ; and, according to Schwartner, that of the former, in his time, amounted to 864,776 florins, and of the latter to 530,668 ; but, according to Demian, they may now be valued, when taken together, at above two millions of florins. The inferior clergy are composed of pastors and monks. Of the former, there are 4189, in cluding 2298 rectors, 402 chaplains, and 1489 curates ; and of the latter are 3059, including 2236 priests, 214 novices, and 609 lay brethren. The Emperor Joseph II. increased the number of the pastors, so that every commune, containing a certain number of parishioners, should have one ; and fixed their allowance at 300 florins for each rec tor, and 240 For each chaplain or curate. According to Grellmann, the Roman Catholic pastors, comprehending those of Croatia and Sclavonia, receive 1,379,500 florins. But, while the Emperor Joseph augmented the number of pastors, he at the same time suppressed 134 monasteries, containing 1209 priests and 275 lay brethren. There are still 136 remaining, of different orders : the Piaristes, who have two residences and 23 colleges ; the _Benedictines, four abbeys and three residences ; the Premontres, five abbeys ; the Citeaux, two abbeys and three monasteries ; the fathers of Charity, ten monasteries ; the Cordeliers, 61 ; the Minimes, eleven ; the Capuchins, seven ; the Dominicans, four ; the Cannes, one'; the Servites, three ; and the ?lugustines, one. The support of these religious beggars, since they were precluded from seeking alms, costs the chest of religion 75,000 florins a year. There are also ten convents, containing 274 nuns and 116 lay sisters ; six of the order of Sta. Ursula, two of Ste. Eliza beth, one of Notre Dame, and one for English ladies at Buda. Six convents had been suppressed by the Empe ror Joseph, containing 152 nuns and 39 lay-sisters. In 1802 there were 500 monks and nuns of the suppressed convents still living, who received pensions from the chest of religion ; the priests and nuns from 300 to 200 florins, and the lay-brethren and sisters 150 florins. The number of Roman Catholics in the kingdom is calculated at about 4,000.000.