HuNGAny, properly so called, a kingdom in Europe, and under the dominion of Austria, lies in Latitude 44° 33' 18" 49° 26' 20" North ; and in Longitude 13° 45' 2".-22° 46' East of Paris. Nature herself points out the boundaries of this kingdom. The Carpathian or Krapak mountains separate it on the north and east from 'Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Buckovina, and Transylvania : on the south, the Danube and the Drave divide it from Servia, Sclavonia, and Croatia ; and on the west, the Moran, or Morava, with a range of mountains lying between the Drave and the Da nube, form its boundary with the Archduchy of Austi.ia. According to Captain Lipsky, it contains 4051 German square miles ;* its greatest length from west to east being 136, and its greatest breadth from north to south 77 Ger man miles.
The kingdom of Hungary is divided by modern geogra phers into four circles, comprehending forty six counties, besides the districts of Jazyg, Great Cumania, Little Cu mania ; the sixteen cities of the Zzfis ; the six cities of Heidukes, which enjoy peculiar privileges ; and the two frontier regiments of the Bannat, and the battalion of Tschaikistes. The whole, according to the following Ta ble, contained, in 1805, 42 royal free cities, 8 episcopal ci ties, 590 towns, 9214 villages, 2338 firtedien,t and 22 cities of Zips and Heidukes.
The configuration of this country presents to us the most opposite regions and climates ; rugged and enormous mountains, where reign sterility and eternal snows, and which cover almost one-third of the whole kingdom ; ex tensive flats, irrigated by numerous rivers and lakes, where winter is scarcely known ; plains of sand driven by the wind, which threaten the traveller with instant death ; fer tile and smiling vallies, producing every necessary, and many of the luxuries, of life in the greatest abundance ; nu merous morasses, which cover the surrounding country with their noxious exhalations ; and immense forests, where the foot of man has never penetrated.
On entering the Bannat of Temeschwar on the east, the country appears like Flanders, flat, and entirely destitute of wood, excepting in the vicinity of the villages. The soil is extremely fertile; and the prospect as we advance exhibits immense pastures covered with cows, sheep, and horses ; or wide fields of corn without enclosures. Silk plantations, and orchards of peach, cherry, and plum-trees, are every where common. Proceeding westward, the country towards Szegedin becomes sandy ; and after cross ing the Thiesse low swampy plains, full of stagnant pools, where nothing is heard but the croaking of toads, fill up the distance to Ketschkemet. From thence the country, though well cultivated in some places, is flat and sandy, resembling the steppes of Russia ; and, on approaching the Danube, a chain of mountains appears, which rise with grandeur on the western side of the river. From Buda, towards Gran,
the country is rich, popalous, and highly cultivated. The hills are covered with vin. yards to their very summits ; and every where are seen delightful villages tilled with inhabitants. On the north of the Danube, the mountainous district towards Schemnitz is agreeably pic turesque ; and as we approach that town, the scenery be comes sublime. " The appearance of this beautiful coun try," says Mr Cripps," although surrounded by mountains, reminded us of the county of Kent. The cottages arc re markable for their great cleanlidess ; and there are nume rous villages. The district between Milt:a and ',ma is the most beautiful imaginable, being full of rich meauows and fields of corn, every where thick set with noble oaks." Dr Clarke also remarks, that "the road, although con structed in the midst of mountains, is not inferior, either in breadth or excellence, to any of the roads about London; and the traveller, surrounded by the sublimest natural scenery, sees to his surprise the greatest artificial labours accomplished with neatness, ornament, and economy ; beautiful roads through recesses, and over steeps, that would otherwise be impassable ; churches crowning the most elevated summits ; towns and villages ; gardens and vineyards ; all decorating without diminishing the wild grandeur of the Hungarian Alps." Indeed, the whole of this district, as far as Presbourg, is exceedingly rich and beautiful.
The most prominent feature of the Hungarian landscape are the mountains, the principal of which is the Carpa thian chain, or mountains of Tatra, which run in a semi circular direction from west to east, about 500 English miles ;and its summit, which consists of huge naked rocks completely destitute of vegetation, at its greatest height, in the county of Zips, is about 1350 toises above the level of the Black Sea. The mountains situated in the cast and southeast, arc separated from the northern chain by a plain,. which extends from Hungary into the grand duchy of Transylvania. They take their rise in the latter pro vince; and, following the direction of the Marosch as far as Arad, strike towards the south by the Bannat upon the confines of Transylvania and Walachia; the highest of these are Szemenik and Nlontye le mare, or the high moun tain. Those on the western part of the kingdom, run from the county of Eisenbourg in a crooked chain towards Stiria and Austria, as far as the Leitha ; and some of them equal the Alps nearly in height. Besides these, there are other considerable mountains in the counties of Pesth, Gran, Veszprim, and Szalad, some of which are covered with im penetrable forests of oak.