This method of rural economy, however, applies only to the lower and central parts of Hungary, which arc by far the most fertile. In the northern districts, and on the fron tiers of Austria and Stiria, the soil requires all the industry of the inhabitants to make it produce even a tolerable crop ; and were their exertions and method of culture (though still imperfect) transferred to the southern parts of the king dom, Hungary would become the granary of Europe. An insuperable obstacle, however, to all improvement in this respect, lies in the tenure, by which the farmer holds his lands. The lands are parcelled out into farms, half farms, quarter farms, Sec. A farm is measured by the seed it re quires, being 48 bushels, and 12 lagwerk of meadow ; if the soil is poor, the arable land is augmented in propor tion. In Croatia they distinguish three kinds of land, good, middling, and bad. A farm of the first quality is 21,000 square toises ; of the second 34,000 ; and of the third 40.000. The annual burdens attached to a farm in Hungary are, fifty two clays work with two horses, or four oxen, beginning at sun-rise, and finishing at sun-set ; a fourth part of them must be performed during the winter, and, in the time of harvest, the proprietor can demand two in the week : a ninth part of the crop, and also of the sheep, goats, lambs, and bee-hives ; and if the number is under nine, 4 kreutzers for every lamb, 3 krcutzers for every grant, and 6 krcutzers for every hive ; 2 hens, 2 capons, a dozen of eggs, and half a pint of melted butter : 30 farms together pay a calf or a florin, and 30 krcutzers in money ; every married peasant to give eighteen days work, and pay a florin for the rent of his house, and all others to give twelve days work : every vassal to beat the bushes three times a year in the hunting season : four peasants, each possesing a farm, to unite in forming a job with four horses at the clistmice of two days journey, excepting the time of harvest or vintage : two florins for permission to distil aqua vitce, and to spin six pounds of lint. The proprietor furnishes his vassals with wood for fuel and building ; and, in recut n, they must cut a cord of wood in the forest, and transport it to the castle. The respective rights and obligations of the noble and his vassals are regulated by a statute, which is called urbarium, and which was provisionally confirmed by the diet in 1791. The peasant, however, holds his lands only from term to term, and must resign them, when proper warning has been given by his lord.
Notwithstanding these disadvantages, the soil is so pro ductive, that the annual exportation of grain to Italy and Germany is very considerable. NVheat is the principal ob ject of cultivation; and in the mountainous parts of the coun try, where the soil is lighter and the climate colder, rye, barley, and oats, are produced of good quality, and in abun dance. They have also plenty of maize, rice, peas, pota toes, turnips, melons, cucumbers, pumpkins, onions, and garlic. Lint and hemp are cultivated in many of the coun ties; also poppies, saffron madder, and woad. Tobacco forms a considerable branch both of agriculture and com merce; and in 1779, when American tobacco was very scarce, the city of Trieste alone exported Hungarian tobacco to the amount of 100,759 pounds in powder, and 3,263,136 pounds in leaves or carrots. The best tobacco is produced at Tolna, Kospalogh,•and Szegedin.
The vineyards of Hungary are very extensive, and are general throughout the country, unless in seven of the nor thern counties, where the temperature is too cold. They occupy nearly 911,984 acres, and produce upon an average 18,239,680 einiers annually. The wine of Tokay is the most valuable, and is drunk by the rich in every country in Europe. The vines which furnish the real Tokay grow on the mountain of Hegy-..411ya, in the county of Zemplin ; but as this mountain produces a very inconsiderable pro portion of what passes under the name of Tokay, they sell for it the wines of Mada, Tallya, Zumbor, Szegu, Zsadany, Toltschwa, Benye, Sec. which few but a Hungarian palate
can distinguish. Next to the wines of Tokay, the most esteemed are those of Rust and CEdenhourg, which are cultivated with great care and intelligence. The others of consequence are the wines of Evian, Buda, Neustadtel, Alenesch, Scohnila, Resmil. and Ratschdorl.
Although the climate of Hungary be very favourable for the cultivation of all kinds of fruit, very little attention is paid to them in the Lower Plain. The orchards are con fined chiefly to CEdenbourg, Presbeurg, Neutra, and the neighbouring counties, where chesnuts, almonds, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears abound, and are of the first quality. Entire forests of plumtrees flourish in the coun ties of Trentschin, Neutra, and some others ; and their fruit, both fresh and dried, is exported in great quantities to Austria and Prussia.
The meadows and pasture grounds of Hungary are very much neglected. They cover 1,483,003 acres, and yield about 17,085,935 quintals of hay. The northern and wes tern districts of Hungary abound in immense forests of fir, pine, and oak, interspersed with yews, ash, hazel, and lin 4 T 2 The forests of Hungary produce an immense quantity of gall-nuts, which, from their exportation during ten years, (from 1777 to I786,) yielded 516.679 florins of revenue. In the south, however, from Pesth to Debretzin un the one hand, and from the mines of Bannat in the county of Kras chow to Peterwardein on the other, a 'wood is scarcely to he seen. In this district the fuel, on account of the scarci ty of timber, consists chiefly of reeds, and cow dung made into bricks with straw, On the pastures of Hungary are reared a great number of cattle, which forms one Of the principal sources of national opulence. The oxen are nearly equal to those in Kent, which are the finest in Europe. They are generally of a whitish colour, or light grey, and are valued for their great weight, and the fine flavour of their flesh. About the conclusion of the last century, there were reckoned in Hungary 797,540 fat oxen, 39,805 bulls, and 1,508,177 cows ; and according to the commercial tables, during ten years of the same period, the exportation of oxen amounted to thirty millions of florins, when a pair of oxen sold only for 50 or 60 florins.
The horses in gener al are small, but are equal to any in Europe in elegance and swiftnes. They have been, how ever, much neglected; and notwithstanding the many at tempts that have been made by the government for their improvement, they are still far removed from that state of perfection of which they are capable. The royal studs at Illezoehogyes in the county of Tschanad, and Babolna in the county of Komori', were established by the Emperor Joseph II. ; and from them 60 stallions are regularly dis tributed every year throughout the country, to produce a more noble breed. In 1795, the stud of Mezoehegyes con sisted of 10,000 horses, of which 1000 were mares, and 60 stallions. It is under the direction of a major, 12 officers, 50 sub-officers, and 200 soldiers, besides grooms and la bourers ; and is obliged to furnish annually 1000 horses for the army. There arc also several private studs, of which the most considerable are those of the lordship of Holitsch, established by Francis I., of Prince Esterhazy at Uzor, and of Count Pally at Dertrekoe. The small size of the Hun garian horses may be attributed to their being too young when brought to the yoke, and to their scanty nourishment. They seldom give them hay, but drive them out at all sea sons to pasture ; and even when on 'a journey, they are sent into the fields, to find at the same time food and rest.