Literary institutions are also sufficiently abun dant. There is a university, founded so long ago as the year 1237, and which has of late become the best medical school in Germany. There are 79 professors, and 1200 students, the classes em bracing every department of literature, science, and theology. Connected with the university are a botanical garden, a military hospital, an anato mical theatre, an observatory, and a veterinary school. The other numerous seminaries are also in a most efficient state. In the polytechnic school is taught whatever relates to the useful arts, differ ent kinds of industry, and commerce. There are a seminary for the oriental languages, an academy of arts, a military school, five schools for training teachers for provincial towns and villages, semina ries for the children of the nobility, 60 schools for the lower orders, ar.d several charity schools. The daughters of the wealthier citizens are educated in convents, but an imperial seminary has lately been founded for the daughters of officers. Attached to the principal seminaries are museums and collec tions, illustrative of the arts and sciences taught in them. Notwithstanding, however, the number and efficient state of the various seminaries of educa tion, literature is not in a very flourishing state. There are only 25 printing offices, and 30 booksel lers; a scale far inferior to that of Edinburgh, Lon don, and Paris. The press labours under a severe ' censorship. Even foreign works, particularly Journals, are not admitted till the censor has given his sanction. There are only 30 newspapers in the whole Austrian dominions: of which five belong to the capital; the liustrian Observer, published daily, and constituting the organ of government, being the best known. Vienna possesses a good many literary journals, but with one exception, that of The !hlals of Literature (.1ahrbueher der Litera ture), they are of very inferior character.
Vienna is not remarkable for any thing so much as the number and extent of its public libraries and picture galleries. The imperial library con tains 300,000 volumes, of which 6000 are speci mens of early printing, and 12,000 are MSS. In the same library are 8,000 volumes of engravings, and 217 volumes of portraits. The university li brary consists of 100,000 volumes. The collections at the Bourg and the Belvidere have already been mentioned. In the musical school there is a library of works, both historical and theoretical, relative to music, many MSS. on the same subject, and an extensive collection of ancient and modern musical instruments. There is an institution for obtaining casts of statues and other antiquities, of which the originals cannot be procured. Besides these, the various seminaries of education, as already men tioned, are possessed of libraries and collections, more or less extensive, in the various departments to which these institutions belong.
The trade and manufactures of Vienna come next to be considered: and these are very consider able.-60,000 individuals are calculated to find employment in different branches of productive in dustry. Their manufactures embrace silk, gold and silver lace, ribbons, hardware goods, and phi losophical instruments. The carriages of Vienna are much prized. Its porcelain works are very ex tensive, as also founderies for cannon and muskets, of the latter of which 30,000 arc annually exported from the imperial manufactory. Under these cir cumstances, this capital must be a place of consi derable trade. The exportation of its industry furnishes cargoes to 6000 boats, and merchandise for nearly 2,000,000 of wagons. The Danube, which is navigable on both sides, forms the great outlet. Were canals constructed, the commercial importance of Vienna would increase extremely. Three fairs are held in the town; and the number of mercantile houses of all kinds amounts to nearly a thousand.
The climate of Vienna is variable, and the city being on a plain, is remarkable for its humidity. The water is not good, and is often found to disa gree with strangers. Rheumatism, consumption, and gout are the prevalent diseases.
The character of the inhabitants only remains to draw our attention. The number of the nobility and wealthy families render, as already hinted, many places of amusement necessary: and the poor in this respect have caught the contagion. The luxury of the table is much attended to. Lite rature and science, notwithstanding the numerous seminaries, are not much cultivated: music has been studied with great assiduity and success, and in nothing are the Vienese more eminent than for their proficiency in this art. They are a gay, thoughtless people; the domestic virtues, either by male or female, are not much cherished. However, they strictly observe religious ordinances, and are free from credulity, superstition, and bigotry. The established religion is the Roman Catholic; but eve ry other form is tolerated. There are three protest ant churches, two Greek ones, and two synagogues. The number of inhabitants has been variously stated; but it has been lately ascertained not to ex ceed Brun, vol. vii. p. 494.) See the article AUSTRIA ; the various books of Travels connected with the subject, particularly Riesbeck's Travels; Wraxall's Memoirs; Aloore's Pieta of Society in France, Switzerland, and Ger many; Russell's Tour. See also Malte Brun's Ge ography, vol. vii. and 31phabetisch Topographisches, by M. F. Thielen, Vienna, 1827. (T. In.)