ESPINOSA, Gaspar de, Spanish soldier: b. Medina del Campo, about 1484; d. 1537. He studied law and entered into practice in Spain. In 1514 he came to America with Pedrarias Davila and was made chief justice at Darien. He presided over the tribunal which condemned Balboa to death, but only passed sentence on the latter at the express command of Davila. He resigned his judicial office and led several expe ditions against the aborigines, whom he treated most inhumanely. He founded Panama in 1518, returned to Spain a few years afterward and was sem out soon again as a Crown officer in Santo Domingo. He backed Pizarro in his second expeditton against Peru and accom panied him to the latter country, where he died at Cuzco.
h-pere too-san't6, Brazil, a state bounded on the north by the state of Bahia, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south and west by the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes. Area 17,312 square miles. The coast lands are swampy, but in the interior mountains rise to a height of 7,000 feet; the highest of these, Mestre Alvares, is one of the most conspicuous landmarks on the Brazilian coast. The temperature, which is tropical, is moderated by the state's proximity to the sea. The state has immense forests, and is noted for the valuable woods found in them and the rare drugs which are distilled. The Doce River flows through some of the richest of the hinter lands, but is navigable only for very small craft. Sao Matheus, in the northern part of the state, is surrounded by coffee and mandioca planta tions, the products of which are shipped from this port, officially known as Conceicio de Barra. A number of small ports intervene be
tween the Doce River and the spacious bay of Espirito-Santo, which has given its name to the state. Coffee, the chief agricultural product, is largely exported. Other exports are sugar, tapioca, cotton, cocoa, hides and skins, and woods. There are, valuable marble deposits, which are not mined. A railway is being built to connect Ouro Preto, on the upper waters of the Doce, with the coast. Cotton goods are manufactttred in the town of Pessanha. The population of the state, which was 135,997 in 1890, increased to 430000 in 1913, this growth being due to European immigration. A few years ago the city of Victoria (pop. 15,000) had almost no maritime trade, as its port was too shallow to admit large vessels. Recently improvements have been made in the harbor, which now accommodates transatlantic steam ers, and both trade and immigrants have sought it It was first visited by the Portuguese in 1535. Colonies of Germans, Poles, Swedes, Tyrolese, Portuguese and Italians are estab lished near Anchieta, Alfredo Chaves, Ita pemirim and Cachoeiro —chiefly in the south ern part of the state. Some of these colonies are under government protection, receiving an nual subsidies of seed and cattle; but the ma jority of the colonists already own lands which they work without government aid. Education, though well subsidized by the govertunent, is, so far as the native population is concerned, in a very backward cond tion. The state returns four representatives to the Chamber of Deputies.