Epiphany
Epiphany, Nf, (latin Epiphania, Appearance Or Evidence), Festival Of The Cath Olic, Anglican And Eastern Churches Held On 6 January To Commemorate The Manifestations Of Jesus Christ As Son Of God; (1) To The Wise Men Of The East (magi) At Bethlehem; (2) At His Baptism By John In The ...
Epirus
Epirus, &orin (meaning The Mainland In Greek), An Ancient Part Of Northern Greece Which Stretched From The Ionian Sea To The Ambracian Gulf And Was Bounded By Illyria, Macedonia And Thessaly. Epirus Is Very Moun Tainous, Especially So In The East, And This Fact Undoubtedly Helped To Shape The Character ...
Episcopius
Episcopius (a Translation Of Bisschop, His Dutch Name), Simon, Dutch Theologian: B. Amsterdam, 1 Jan. 1583; D. There, 4 April 1643. The Religious Movement Lalown As Arminianism Was Fostered By Him, And He Was Its Leader After The Death Of Arminius (q.v.). He Was Edu Cated At Leyden, Where In ...
Episode
Episode (lat. Episodium, From The Gr. Brtid6diov , Epeisodion, Something Adventitious), A Separate Incident, Story Or Action Introduced Into The General Narrative, To Give Variety Or Digression, But So Arranged As To Appear A Part Of The Whole. This Term Is Employed Bv Aris Totle In Two Significations. Sometimes It ...
Epistemology
Epistemology ( Irtot6/4, Knowledge Or Science, And Loyot Theory Or Discourse), Or Theory Of Knowledge, Is An Account Of The Nature Of Lmowledge, Treating Of Its Origin And Laws Of Development, Its Validity And Relation To Human Experience As A Whole. In Vestigations Of This Character Fall Within The Field ...
Epistle To Arbuthnot
Epistle To Arbuthnot. Pope's (epistle To Arbuthnot) (1734-35), Known Also As (the Prologue To The Satires,' Is Quite The Best Thing Of Its Kind In English. Characteristic Of The Writer In Its Invective, Its Brilliant Wit, Its Epigrams And Apothegms, And Its Incisive And Compressed Style, It Is Far More ...
Epitaph
Epitaph (gr. Errtriufrn, Epitaphios, Funeral, From Firi, Epi, Upon, And Racevc, Taphos, Tomb), An Inscription Upon A Tomb. The Earliest Known Are Those Upon Egyptian Sarcophagi. Epitaphs Are Common Among Many People, And Arose, In All Probability, Out Of The Desire To Commemorate The Dead. They Were In Use Among ...
Epithelium
Epithelium, 6p-t-theli-um, One Of The Simplest Forms Of Tissue Derived Chiefly But Not Alone From The Outer Embryonic Layers And Characterized By Its Non-vascularity. It Con Sists Of Flattened Or Columnar Cells United Into Continuous Membranes By An Intercellular Ce Ment Substance. Epithelium Serves For The Most Part To Protect ...
Epworth League
Epworth League, A Society Of Young People Of The Methodist Episcopal Church; Formed 15 May 1889 In Cleveland, Ohio, By The Union Of Five Societies Affiliated With The Meth Odist Church. It Adopted As Its Motto: ((look Up, Lift Up," And Its Declared Object Is To ((pro Mote Intelligent And ...
Equation
Equation, A Term Based On The Idea Of Equality, In General Use Throughout The Various Branches Of Calculus. (1) In Mathematics It Is The Statement In Algebraic Expressions Of The Identity Of Two Or Other Mathematical Expres Sions. The Assertion Of Equality Is Made By Writing The Sign --(read Equal ...
Equation_2
Equation, Personal, An Important Cor Rection That Must Be Considered In Connection With Refined Measurements In Astronomy And Physics, And Which Originates In The Fact That No Two Observers Agree Precisely As To The In Stant At Which A Phenomenon Occurs, Nor As To The Setting Of A Micrometer-wire So ...
Equations
Equations, Differential. 1. Introduc Invention Of The Calculus, Made Necessary By The Demands Of Natural Science, Was Followed Immediately By The Most Brilliant Applications. The Names Of Newton, Leibnitz, Euler, Lagrange And Laplace Are Attached To The Principal Discoveries Of This Period, Whose Importance From A Scientific And Philosophical Point ...
Equations
Equations, General Theory Of. The Theory Of Equations Finds Its Origin In Efforts To Solve The Equations Which Arise In The Appli Cations Of Algebra To Problems In Pure Geometry Or In Applied Mathematics. In The Exposition Of This Theory A Rational Integral Algebraic Func Tion Of X Arises Which ...
Equations_2
Equations, Galois' Theory Of.— In The )6th Century The Italian Mathematicians Suc Ceeded In Solving The Cubic And Biquadratic Equations. Their Brilliant Achievements Must Have Made It Seem Probable That The Solution Of The Equations Of Fifth And Higher Degrees Would Soon Be Found. Such, However, Was Not To Be ...
Equator
Equator, An Imaginary Great Circle Of The Celestial Vault Or On The Surface Of The Earth. As Used In Astronomy The Term Signifies A Great Circle Of The Celestial Vault At Right Angles To Its Axis, And Dividing It Into A Northern And A Southern Hemisphere. It Is Constituted By ...
Equilibrium
Equilibrium, A State Of Balance As To The Forces Acting Upon Any Body. The Condi Tion• Is Generally Considered In Respect To The Action Of Gravity, And Especially As To The Centre Of Gravity Of The Body Under Observation. In Accordance With That Law Of Physics That The Centre Of ...
Equilibrium
Equilibrium, Chemical. In Mechanics A System Is Said To Be In Equilibrium When The Forces That Act Upon It Are Precisely Balanced, So That Their Resultant Is Everywhere Zero. A System Or Mass Is Similarly Said To Be In Chemi Cal Equilibrium When Its State Is Such That There Is ...
Equinox
Equinox, In Astronomy, Is That Time Of The Year When The Day And Night Are Equal: The Length Of The Day Is Then 12 Hours; The Sun Is Ascending Six Hours, And Descending The Same Time. This Is The Case Twice A Year, In Spring And In Autumn, When The ...
Equity
Equity. The Name Equity Was Given To That Supplemental Law Which Was Formerly Administered Exclusively In The Chancery Courts Of England, And Which Was Designed To Work Out Substantial Justice In Cases Where That Could Not Be Obtained Normally In The Common Law Courts. The Common Law Became Very Strict ...
Erasmus
Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch Scholar: B. Rotterdam, Probably 28 Oct. 1467; D. Basel, Switzerland, 12 July 1536. He Was The Illegiti Mate Son Of One Gerhard Of Gouda. The Name By Which He Is Known Is Merely The Latin And Greek Rendering Of Gerhard, Desiderius, The Latin, And Erasmus, Or, More ...
Erasmus Montanus
Erasmus Montanus, Comedy In Five Acts By Holberg; Translated By 0. J. Campbell And F. Schenck. It Was Written Before 1723 But Not Produced Till 1747. It Did Not At Once Score Such A Success As Many Of His Other Comedies. Now, However, It Is Considered Not Only To Be ...
Erastus
Erastus, Thomas (a Latin Translation Of His Name Liebler Or Lieber), German Theolo Gian And Physician: B. Auggen, Near Miihlheim, 1524; D. Basel, Switzerland, 1583. He Studied Theology At Basel (where He Grecized His Name), And Philosophy And Medicine At Bologna And Padua. After Nine Years In Italy, He Was ...
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes, Er-a-toris'the-nez Greek Astronomer, Geographer And Philosopher: B. Cyrene, Africa, 276 B.c.; D. About 196 A.c. He Studied In His Native Town And Alexandria And Then Went To Athens. He Became Librarian At Alexandria, And Improved The Science Of Mathe Matical Geography, Which He Reduced To Sys Tem; But He ...
Ercilla Y Zuniga
Ercilla Y Zuniga, E Thoo Nyega, Alonzo De, Spanish Soldier And Epic Poet : B. Madrid, 7 Aug. 1533; D. There. 29 Nov. 1594. He Was Of Noble Family And Was A Close Friend Of The Prince Who Afterward Became Philip Xi Of Spain. His Father Died When The Boy ...
Erckmann Chatrian
Erckmann-chatrian, Tre-fiii, The Combined Surnames Of Two French Men, Natives Of Alsace, Who Collaborated In Writing Romances. Emile Erckmann: B. Phals Bourg, 20 May 1822; D. Luneville, 14 March 1899. Having Completed His Studies In The Com Munal College Of His Native Town, He Went To Paris In 1842 To ...
Erdmann
Erdmann, Johann Eduard, German Phi Losopher: B. Wolmar, In Livonia, 13 June 1805; D. Halle, 12 June 1892. He Studied Theology At The Universities Of Dorpat And Berlin, Com Ing There Under The Influence Of Hegel (q.v.). In 1829 He Became A Clergyman In His Native Town. In 1832 Be ...
Erdmann_2
Erdmann, Otto Linne, German Chemist: B. Dresden, 11 April 1804; D. Leipzig, 9 Oct. 1869. He Studied At The Universities Of Dresden And Leipzig, First Medicine And Then Chemistry, And Was Graduated From The Latter Institution In 1824. In 1825 He Began The Teaching Of Chemistry At His Alma Mater, ...
Erechtheum
Erechtheum, E-rek-the'firn, The Temple Of Erechtheus (q.v.) On The North Side Of The Acropolis (q.v.) At Athens. It Was Built In Honor Of Athena, Poseidon And Zeus. The Name Of Erechtheus Is Associated, As A Local Hero Or Demigod, With That Of Athena. In This Temple Was Preserved The Oldest ...
Erfurt
Erfurt, Er'foort, Germany, (1) Town In The Prussian Province Of Saxony, Formerly The Capital Of Thuringia, And A Fortress Till 1873, Situated On The River Gera, About 13 Miles West Of Weimar. In The 15th And 16th Cen Turies Erfurt Was A Flourishing Commerical And Manufacturing Place, But Its University ...
Ergot
Ergot, Er'got, According To The United States Pharmacopceia, Gis The Sclerotium Of The Fungus Claviceps Purpurea Replacing The Seed Of The Rye) Thus The Pharmacopceia Calls For A Certain Definite Kind Of Ergot For Medicinal Use; But There Are A Number Of Allied Species Of Para Sitic Fungi That Infest ...
Ergotism
Ergotism. In The Article On Ergot It Has Been Shown That There Are A Great Many Closely Related Parasitic Fungi, Growing On Different Varieties Of Grasses. A Number Of These In Fected Grasses Belonging To The Ergot Family Produce, When Eaten By Cattle, Forms Of Acute And Chronic Poisoning. These ...
Ericsson
Ericsson, John, American Engineer And Inventor: B. Wermland, Sweden, 31 July 1803; D. New York, 8 March 1889. He Entered The Swedish Army In 1820, But Resigned In 1826 And Soon Became Known As An Inventor. In 1&28 He Made The First Application To Navigation Of The Principle Of Condensing ...
Erie
Erie, Pa., City, Port Of Entry, County-seat Of Erie County, On Lake Erie, And On The Lake Shore, The Pennsylvania, The Erie And Several Other Railroads 85 Miles Southwest Of Buffalo, 100 Miles Northeast Of Cleveland. Erie Is On A Bluff Having A Good View Of The Lake, Is Laid ...
Erie Railroad
Erie Railroad. Chartered 24 April 1832, By The New York State Legislature To Construct A Railroad From Lake Erie To The Hudson River, The New York And Lake Erie Railway Company Was Organized With A Capital Of $3,000,000, The Credit Of The State Being Ex Tended To A Like Amount. ...
Erie_2
Erie, Lake, The Most Southern Of The Great Lakej Of North America; Situated Between Lat. 41° 30' And 42° 52' N., And Long. 78° 53' And 83° 25' W. It Lies Between Lakes Huron And Ontario And Is Bordered On The North By Can Ada, On The East And South ...
Erie_3
Erie, Lake, Battle Of, 10 Sept. 1813: A Naval Battle Which Annihilated The British Fleet On That Lake And Gave The Americans Their Northwest At The Treaty Of Ghent. In 1813 It Had Become Evident That The Reconquest Of The Northwest From The British, Who Had Captured Detroit And Were ...
Ernment Of Munictpalgovernment
Ernment Of ; Munictpal Government ; Cabi Net And Cabinet Government ; Commission Form Of Government ; City Manager Plan Of Government. Bibliography.— Beard, C. A., (american Government And Politics) (rev. Ed., New York 1914), And 'readings In American Govern Ment And Politics) (new Ycirk 1909) ; Bayles, G. J., ...
Eros
Eros, The Greek God Of Love, From Which The Romans Derive Their Cupid (cupido, De Sire). In This Sense Eros Is A Fiction Of Later Day Poets. Hesiod Is The First To Mention Eros, Whom He Asserts To Be The Fairest Of The Gods Who Rules Over The Minds And ...
Eros_2
Eros, In Astronomy, One Of The Minor Planets, Discovered Photographically By Witt In 1898, At The Urania Observatory, Berlin. The Orbits Of Most Of The Other Known Asteroids Lie Wholly Beyond That Of Mars; But Eros Ap Proaches Much Nearer To The Sun, And At Times It May Be Within ...
Eruption
Eruption, A Term Applied To A Local Disturbance In The Skin Characterized By The For Mation Of Redne.ss Or Scaliness, Blistering Or Pustulation. In One Class Of Affections, Known As The Eruptive Fevers, A Characteristic Form Of Skin-eruption Is Diagnostic. Thus The Fine Red Rash Of Scarlet Fever, The Bluish ...
Erzerum
Erzerum, Erz'room, Erzeroum, Or Erzeroom, Turkey, A City Of Armenia, And, Since The Annexation Of Kars By Russia, The Chief Strategical Centre And Place Of Resistance To A Russian Advance, About 100 Miles South West Of Trebizond. Its Fortifications Have Been Repaired And Much Improved Since 1864. The Inhabitants Consist ...
Es Electrochemical Industri
Electrochemical Industri,es. Electrochemistry May Be Defined As That Branch Of Chetnistry Relating To The Carrying Out Of Chemical Reactions By The Means Of Or With The Assistance Of Electricity. The Word Electro Chemical As Here Used Includes The Processes Of Electrornetallurgy, The Production And Treat Ment Of Metals By Means ...
Esau
Esau, The Eldest Son Of Isaac, And Twin Brother Of Jacob (gen. Xxv, 24-26). His Name (which Signifies Rough, Hairy) Was Due To His Singular Appearance At Birth, Being 'red, And All Over Like A Hairy Garment." The Struggle For Precedence Between The Brothers Was Fore Shadowed The Moment Of ...
Escalator
Escalator, The Name Applied To A Con Tinuous Carrier Designed For Conveying Pas Sengers From One Level To Another Within A Limited Time. The Various Units Making Up The Escalator Are So Arranged That On The Incline They Present The Familiar Zigzag Appearance Of An Ordinary Stairway, And May Be ...
Eschatology
Eschatology. The Teaching In Re Gard To The Last Things (greek Ta Eschata). It Deals With Man's Condition After Death, The Destiny Of Nations, And The End Of The World. Speculation Concerning The Fate Of The Indi Vidual Appears To Have Started In A Very Early Period Of Man's Career. ...
Escobedo
Escobedo, Mariano, Ba-do, Mexican Soldier, Popularly Known As Big Lugs, On Account Of His Enor Mous Ears : B. Dos Arroyos, New Leon, 12 Jan. 1827; D. Tacubaya, 22 May 1902. When The War Between Mexico And The United States Broke Out He Was A Muleteer In Charge Of A ...
Esdraelon
Esdraelon, Es-di-a-ellin Or Es-dra-e-16n (merdj-ibn-amer), The Famous And Beautiful Plain In Palestine, Situated Between The Moun Tains Forming The Western Watershed Of The Jordan And The Mediterranean Sea. In The Old Testament It Is Called Jezreel, Valley Of Megiddo, The Great Plain; In The New Testament, Arma Geddon. It Is ...
Eskimos Eskimo
Eskimo, Eskimos (abnaki, Eskiman Tsic : Oiibwav, Askkimey, Eaters Of Raw Flesh), Or Esquimaux, Esici-mo, The Name Of The Inhabitants Of The Northern Coast Of The Ameri Can Continent Down To Lat. 60° N. On The West, And 55° On The East, And Of The Arctic Islands, Greenland, And About ...
Esperanto Language
Esperanto Language. Uesper Anto,)) Successor To Uvolapule In The Effort To Establish An International Language, Has Made Considerable Progress. The Latest Reports Show That A Substantial And Lasting Interest In This Linguistic Enterprise Now Exists. In 1887 Dr. Zamenhof, A Russian Physician, Issued His First Pamphlet Concerning A Suggested New ...
Espinosa
Espinosa, Gaspar De, Spanish Soldier: B. Medina Del Campo, About 1484; D. 1537. He Studied Law And Entered Into Practice In Spain. In 1514 He Came To America With Pedrarias Davila And Was Made Chief Justice At Darien. He Presided Over The Tribunal Which Condemned Balboa To Death, But Only ...
Espionage Act Of 1917
Espionage Act Of 1917. When The United States Entered The European War In 1917 It Immediately Became Apparent That Ex Traordinary Legislation Was Needed To Keep In Check Treasonous Action By Certain Citizens, But More Especially By Sympathizers With The Enemy, Resident In The Country. To This End The Espionage ...
Espronceda
Espronceda, Jose De, Spanish Noet : B. Almendraleio, (badaioz) 1810: D. Madi-id. 23 May 1842. His Father Was A Colonel Of Cavalry, And The Boy Was Born In The Army For His Mother Insisted On Following Her Husband Dur Ing His Campaigns. At The Dose Of The War Young Esnronceda ...
Espy
Espy, James Pollard, American Meteor Ologist, The Founder Of Modern Meteorology: B. Washington County, Pa., 9 May 1785; D. Cin Cinnati, 24 Jan. 1860. He Was Graduated At Transylvania University 1808. The Name ((storm-king* Was Given To Him For His Originat Ing A Theory Of Storms Which Involved Him In ...
Essad
Essad, Pasha, Albanian Soldier And Adven Turer: B. About 1865. The Descendant Of A Powerful And Wealthy Family—the Topdani — Who Maintain To This Day A Sort Of Feudal Authority And Splendor, Essad Began His Varied Career In The Turkish Army. His Elder Brother, Ghani, Became A Secret Instrument Of ...
Essay
Essay. The Term Essay Is Used In Various Loosely Defined Ways, But Usually Describes A Brief Prose Composition Of An Expository Character. Originally And Properly, The Word Implies A Tentative And Suggestive, As Distin Guished From A Formal And Complete, Discus Sion ; And This Use Is Applicable To The ...
Essay On Criticism
Essay On Criticism, An, A Didactic Poem In Heroic Couplets By Alexander Pope (q.v.) In Which He Explains And Propounds The Canons Of Verse Structure, Poetic Taste And Criticism. The Poem, Pope's First Really Origi Nal Work, Was Written Either In 1707 Or 1709, More Likely In The Latter Year. ...
Essay On Man
Essay On Man, The, One Of The Later Works (1733-34) Of Alexander Pope, Shares With The On Criticism,' The 'rape Of The Lock,' The 'dunciad,> The 'epistle To Dr. Ar Buthnot> And A Few Other Poems The Position Of Foremost Place Among His Original Works. I It S A Didactic ...
Essay On The Human
Essay On The Human Under Standing, An. John Locke's On The Human Understanding> Is The Classic Of Eng Lish Common Sense Empiricism. Subsequent Philosophy And Psychology And English Thought. In General Are Weighted With Its Terminology And Opinions. Locke's Purpose, So He Tells Us, Was °to In Quire Into The ...
Essays From The Easy
Essays From The Easy Chair. In 1854 George William Curtis Began To Write Familiar And Personal Essays In A Department Of Harper's Magazine Called "the Easy Chair.p He Continued To Do So For The 38 Remaining Years Of His Life, Writing Approximately 2,500 In All. In These Essays He Dealt ...
Essays Of Bacon
Essays Of Bacon. Bacon's 'essays> Were Practically The First Things In English Liter Ature To Be Called By The Name °essay? That Word, In The 16th Century, Generally Car Ried The Idea Of Attempt Or Trial And It Was In Some Such Sense That Bacon Used It. In The 10 ...
Essays Of Elia
Essays Of Elia. Charles Lamb's Essays, The Most Famous And Delightful Of His Works, Were Written In The Spare Hours Of His Busy Life, And Were Originally Published Chiefly As Contributions To The London Magazine From 1820 To 1833. The First Collected Volume,
Essenes
Essenes, Es-senz, A Sect Or Society Of Hyper-pharisaic Jews, In Existence 150 Years N.c., And Which Existed Till The 2d Century, The Remnant Then Returning To Pharisaic Or Orthodox Judaism Or Entering The Christian Communion. They Are Not Mentioned In The Bible Or Rabbin Ical Literature. Josephus The Historian (1st ...
Essential Oils
Essential Oils Are Those Volatile Aromatic Constituents Of Certain Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Etc., Which Contain Their Specific Odors And Flavors — That Is, The Properties Which De Light The Senses Of Smell And Taste. The Object Aimed At In The Manufacture Of These Essences Is That They May Be Transferred ...
Essex
Essex, Robert Devereux, 2n Emu, Of, English Courtier : B. Netherwood, Herefordshire 19 Nov. 1566; D. London, 25 Feb. 1601. He Was Educated At Trinity College, Cambridge, And Ap Peared At Court In 1577. He Greatly Distin Guished Himself At The Siege Of Ziitphen In 1786. On Leicester's Death 1588, ...
Estaing
Estaing, Jean Baptiste Charles Hector, Com1e D', Marquis Of Saillans, French Army And Navy Officer; B. Auvergne, 1729; D. Paris, 28 April 1794. He Entered The French Army As Colonel Of Infantry; Was Promoted To Brigadier-general In 1757, And In 1777 Became Vice-admiral In The French Navy. In 1778, In ...
Estate
Estate, A Term Sometimes Used To Indicate Property Generally, Whether Personal Or Real. Sometimes It Includes Land Alone. It Signifies In Law The Interest Which A Person May Have In Property. It Denotes The Time During Which Ownership May Exist, As For A Year, For Life Or Forever. At Common ...
Este
Este, Es-t3, The Name Of An Illustrious And Ancient Italian Family. Albert Azzo Ii Is Con Sidered The Founder Of The Greatness Of His House. He Inherited Or Acquired Este, Rovigo, Montagnana, Casa! Maggiore And Other Places In Italy ; And Was Made Governor Of Milan By Henry Iii In ...
Esters
Esters (an Arbitrary Modification Of Ether). Compound Ethers, Or Ethereal Salts, Are Compounds In Which One Or More Alcohol Or Basic Radicals Are United To One Or More Acid Radicals. They Are Analogous To The Salts Of The Metals. Thus Ch,coo.h Is Acetic Acid And If The Typical Hydrogen Of ...
Esther
Esther, Book Of. The Book Of Esther Was Written For The Primary Purpose Of Giving An Account Of The Supposed Circumstances Of The Origin Of The Feast Of Purim. This Was Put In The Reign Of The Persian King Ahasuerus, Is Certainly To Be Identified With Xerxes, Who Reigned From ...
Estivation
Estivation, The Dormancy Or ((summer Sleep," Induced In Some Of The Lower Plants And Animals By Heat And Drought, And The Means By Which In Summer They Resist These Unfavorable Conditions, As They Do Others In Winter By Hiber Nation. The Two States Are Comparable, Though Induced By Opposite Conditions. ...
Estoppel
Estoppel, The Preclusion Of A Person From Asserting A Fact By Previous Conduct, In Consistent Therewith, On His Own Part Or The Part Of Those Under Whom He Claims, Or By An Ad Judication Upon His Rights Which He Cannot Be Allowed To Call In Question; A Preclusion, In Law, ...
Etching Its Technique And
Etching: Its Technique And Great Masters. An Etching Is The Proof Or Picture An Artist Obtains By Printing From A Prepared Plate Of Copper Or Zinc On Which The Lines And Forms Of A Subject Had Been Scratched By Him And Then Bitten-in By The Action Of An Acid. It ...
Ether
Ether, The, Or Cosmical Ether, In Physics And Astronomy, Postulated Material Substance, Which Is Assumed To Fill All Space, And To Penetrate Freely Among The Ultimate Particles Of Which All Matter Is Composed. It Is Not In Any Way Related To The Substance Known As Nether" To The Chemist, And ...
Ethers
Ethers, In Chemistry, Those Compounds Which May Be Regarded As Derived From Water By The Replacement Of Each Of The Hydrogen Atoms By A Basic Or Alcoholic Radical. The Ether Is "simple" If The Basic Radicals That Are So Substituted Are Alike, And It Is "mixed" If They Are Unlike. ...